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History and Art & Culture articles in News for UPSC IAS Prelims 2024

  • Pandavula Gutta- Geo-heritage site

    Source-This post on Pandavula Gutta is based on the article “‘Pandavula Gutta designated exclusive Geo-heritage site in Telangana’” published in “The Hindu” on 14th March 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Pandavula Gutta has recently gained official recognition as the exclusive Geo-heritage site in Telangana.

    What is Pandavula Gutta?

    Pandavula Gutta
    Source- The Hindu

    1. About– It is an ancient geological marvel older than the Himalayas.

    2. Location– It is located in Jayashankar Bhupalpally district in Telangana.

    3. Discovery– The discovery of this site dates back to 1990.

    4. Features:
    a. The site is rich in paintings, rock shelters, and evidence of habitation, spanning from the Mesolithic to medieval periods.
    b. The paintings exhibit geometric designs and impressions using green, red, yellow, and white pigments.
    c. The rock art paintings show animals such as bison, antelope, tiger, and leopard. They also feature shapes like the swastika symbol, circles, squares, as well as weapons like bows, arrows, swords, and lances.

    What are Geo-heritage sites?

    1. About– Geo-heritage encompasses geological features that hold either intrinsic or cultural importance. It provides valuable insights into the Earth’s evolution or history for earth science or educational purposes.

    2. Designated by Geological Survey of India (GSI)

    3. Protection– India, a member of the UNESCO Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, safeguards these sites with appropriate laws, following global standards.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture

  • Kochrab Ashram

    Source- The post on Kochrab Ashram is based on the articleModi inaugurates redeveloped Kochrab Ashram in Gujarat, Gandhi’s first home after returning to India published in “The Print” on 12th March 2024.

    What is the News?

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the redeveloped Kochrab Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat to mark the 94th anniversary of the Dandi March.

    About Kochrab Ashram

     redeveloped Kochrab Ashram in Ahmedabad
    Source: The Print

    1. About:

    i) Kochrab ashram is located in Kochrab village, Ahmedabad, Gujarat.

    ii) It is the first ashram established by Mahatma Gandhi upon his return to India from South Africa in 1915.

    iii) It is also called as Satyagraha Ashram based on his ideas of achieving India’s independence from British rule through peaceful methods.

    2. History:
    i) Upon returning to India from South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi initiated his association with Ahmedabad.

    ii) In 1915, he settled in Ahmedabad emphasizing that as a Gujarati, he could best serve the country through the Gujarati language.

    iii) On May 20, 1915, Gandhi took up residence in a bungalow located in Kochrab village later renamed it as Satyagraha Ashram.

    iii) The bungalow was generously provided by Jeevanlal Desai who was a fellow lawyer and colleague of Gandhi.

    iv) Mahatma Gandhi based himself here for about one-and-a-half years before moving to the new campus of Sabarmati Ashram.

    3. Appearance: It is a colonial-style building with a white-washed façade.

    4. Significance: The ashram holds a historical significance:

    i) The ashram also served as the starting point for Gandhi’s advocacy of khadi, equality for the poor, Hindi as the national language, self-reliance, and independence.

    ii) It also served as a communal living space promoting self-improvement and community service.

    Read more: Sabarmati ashram

    UPSC Syllabus: History and Art & Culture in News

  • Gorsam Kora Festival

    Source-This post on Gorsam Kora Festival has been created based on the article “Arunachal’s Gorsam Kora Festival celebrates India-Bhutan friendship” published in “India Today” on 10 March 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Gorsam Kora Festival which takes place every year in Zemithang valley of Arunachal Pradesh has concluded on March 10.

    About Gorsam Kora Festival

    Gorsam Kora Festival
    Source-The Economic Times

    Location– It is held annually in Arunachal Pradesh’s Zemithang valley.

    History– The festival is centred around the 93-foot tall stupa – ‘Gorsam Chorten’. This stupa was built in the 13th century. The 3-day event starts with prayers at the revered Khinzemane Holy Tree which is believed to be planted by the 14th Dalai Lama.

    Organized by– It is organized by Zemithang community in collaboration with civil authorities and supported by local Indian Army Units.

    What is the significance of this festival?

    1) It honours the shared Buddhist cultural heritage and celebrates the longstanding friendship between India and Bhutan.

    2) The festival featured various events, including cultural performances by local troupes and Indian army bands, as well as martial performances like Mallakhamb and Zanjh Pathaka.

    3)  Zemithang valley is also part of the Vibrant Village Programme. Under the Vibrant Village Programme, there will be enhancement of tourist infrastructure. This will transform Zemithang valley to a thriving tourist destination.

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture.

  • Rupa Tarakasi- GI Tag

    Source- The post on Rupa Tarakasi is based on the article “Odisha: Cuttack city’s silver filigree receives geographical indication tag” published in The Telegraph” on 4th March 2024. 

    What is the News?

    Recently, Orissa’s famous silver filigree Rupa Tarakasi got a GI tag.

    About Rupa Tarakasi

    Proud Moment for Odisha as Cuttack’s Filigree Works Get GI Tag
    Deccan Herald

    1. About: Rupa Tarakasi is one of the most exquisite silver crafts, practised in the Silver City of Cuttack, Odisha. 

    2. Origin: The art form has a rich history, dating back as far as the 12th century, and it received considerable patronage under the Mughals. It changed its form with change in ruler.

    3. Influence– The craft resembles filigree traditions from places such as Arabia, Malta, Genoa, and ancient Greece, suggesting long-standing cultural exchanges.

    3. Process:

    i) In this work of craft, silver bricks are transformed into thin fine wires called tara or foils, from which silver filigree is made with all designs called kasi.

    ii) While different grades of silver are used in the main metal alloy, the craftsmen also use other metals like copper, zinc, cadmium and tin.

    iii) The skilled artisans involved in this filigree work are known as “Rupa Banias” or “Roupyakaras” in Odia.

    iv) They create various items, including jewellery worn by Odissi dancers, decorative artefacts, accessories, and religious and cultural pieces.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

  • Majuli Masks GI Tag

    Source- The post on Majuli Masks is based on the article “GI tag for Majuli masks of Assam: History, cultural significance of the centuries-old art form” published in “Indian Express” on 7th March 2024. 

    What is the News?

    Recently, Assam’s traditional Majuli masks got a GI tag.

    About Majuli masks

    Majuli masks
    Source- The Indian Express

    1) About: These are handmade masks that are traditionally used to depict characters in bhaonas, or theatrical performances with devotional messages under the neo-Vaishnavite tradition.

    Note: Majuli is the largest river island in the world and the seat of Assam’s neo-Vaishnavite tradition. Neo-Vaishnavite tradition was introduced by the 15th-16th century reformer saint Srimanta Sankardeva.

    2) Characterstics: 

    i) The masks can depict gods, goddesses, demons, animals and birds. Ravana, Garuda, Narasimha, Hanuman, Varaha Surpanakha all feature among the masks.

    iii) Sizes:
    (a) Mukh mukha: They cover just the face, and it is made in around five days.
    (b) Cho mukha: They cover the whole head and body of the performer and takes up to one-and-a-half months to be made.

    iii) Material used: The masks are made of bamboo, clay, dung, cloth, cotton, wood and other materials available in the riverine surroundings of their makers.

    3. Traditional practitioners are working to take the art out of their traditional place in sattras, or monasteries, and give them a new, contemporary life.

    About Sattras

    1. Sattras are monastic institutions established by Srimanta Sankardev and his disciples as centres of religious, social and cultural reform.

    2. Presently, Sattras are also centres of traditional performing arts such as borgeet (songs), xattriya (dance) and bhaona (theatre), which are an integral part of the Sankardev tradition.

    3. Majuli has 22 sattras, and the patent application states that the mask-making tradition is by and large concentrated in four of them — Samaguri Sattra, Natun Samaguri Sattra, Bihimpur Sattra and Alengi Narasimha Sattra.

    About Majuli manuscript painting

    1. It is a form of painting originated in the 16th century.

    2. It is done on sanchi pat, or manuscripts made of the bark of the sanchi or agar tree, using homemade ink.

    3. The earliest example of an illustrated manuscript is said to be a rendering of the Adya Dasama of the Bhagwat Purana in Assamese by Srimanta Sankardev.

    4. This art was patronised by the Ahom kings. It continues to be practised in every sattra in Majuli.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

  • Risa Textile- GI Tag

    Source- The post on Risa Textile is based on the article “Tripura’s traditional tribal attire ‘risa’ gets GI tag: CM Manik Saha” published in The Hindu” on 3rd March 2024. 

    What is the News?

    Recently, Tripura’s traditional tribal attire ‘Risa’ got GI tag.

    About Risa 

    risa tripura gi tag
    Indian express

    1. About Risa: It is a traditionally handwoven cloth used as a female upper garment, and also as headgear, a stole, or a present to express respect.

    2. Origin of the attire: The Tripuri attire is believed to have existed before the rule of the Manikya kings, who reigned over Tripura for over 500 years from the 15th century.

    3. Risa is common in almost all 19 indigenous tribal communities of Tripura. Each community has its own design. The traditional Tripuri female attire consists of three parts — risa, rignai and rikutu.

    4. Rignai is primarily worn as the lower garment and literally means ‘to wear’. It is an indigenous variety of the sari of mainland India.

    5. Rituku is mainly used as a wrap, or like a ‘chunri’ or a ‘pallu’ of the Indian saree. It is also used to cover the heads of newly married Tripuri women.

    7. Significance: It hold scrucial social, cultural and religious significance in Tripura:

    i) Social Significance: Risa has a crucial social and religious significance as adolescent Tripuri girls are first given a risa to wear in an event called Risa Sormani, at age 12 to 14.

    ii) Religious significance: The risa is used in religious festivals such as Garia Puja by tribal communities, a turban by men during weddings and festivals, a cummerbund over the dhoti.

    iii) It is also used as a headscarf by young girls and boys, and as a muffler during winters. The cloth is also used as a makeshift hanger to hold an infant on mothers’ backs.

    iv) It is presented as a mark of honour to distinguished recipients.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and Culture

  • Dwarka: The lost city of Lord Krishna

    Source-This post on Dwarka: The lost city of Lord Krishna is based on the article “Is Lord Krishna’s Dwarka under water? The many legends, traces of a lost city” published in “The Indian Express” on 29th February 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi recently participated in underwater prayers at ‘Dwarka Nagari’, a place believed to be the kingdom of Lord Krishna. Lost city of Dwarka

    About Dwarka

    Dwarka
    Source- The Indian Express

    1. It is located on the western side of the State of Gujrat.

    2. The submerged city of Dwarka has been the focus of marine excavations and research endeavors.

    3. It is one of Hinduism’s seven sacred cities (Sapt Puris). Dwarka is believed to have been reclaimed from the sea by Lord Krishna after he relocated from Mathura in Uttar Pradesh to Dwarka in Gujarat.

    4. In the Vishnu Purana, mentions indicate that Dwarka was a city adorned with stunning gardens, moats, ponds, and palaces

    5. Legend holds that Dwarka was submerged under the Arabian Sea as Lord Krishna departed from the world, marking the beginning of the Kali Yuga.

    Present day Dwarka

    1. It is a coastal town situated at the entrance of the Gulf of Kutch, facing the Arabian Sea.

    2. It serves as a significant point along the Krishna pilgrimage route, connecting Vrindavan, Mathura, Govardhan, Kurukshetra, and Puri.

    3. Dwarka is renowned for its 13th-century Dwarkadheesh temple, devoted to Lord Krishna.

    4. It is one of 12 heritage cities chosen nationwide by the Government of India for civic infrastructure development under the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme.

    UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture in news/ Places in news 

  • Sudarshan Setu

    Source-This post on the Sudarshan Setu has been created based on the article “PM inaugurates Sudarshan Setu connecting Okha mainland and Beyt Dwarka island in Gujarat” published in “PIB” on 25th Feb 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated the Sudarshan Setu bridge in Gujarat.

    Sudharshan Setu
    Source- Press Trust of India

    About Sudarshan Setu

    1. About- ‘Sudarshan Setu’ is the country’s longest cable-stayed bridge.

    2. Location- It is on the Arabian Sea, connecting Beyt Dwarka island to mainland Okha in Gujarat’s Devbhumi Dwarka district.

    3. Features:

    a. It has a unique design, featuring a footpath adorned with verses from Srimad Bhagavad Gita and images of Lord Krishna on both sides.

    b. The bridge is energy efficient as solar panels installed on the bridge will provide electricity for the illumination of the bridge at night.

    c. The bridge is 2.32 km in length which, includes 900 metres of central double span cable-stayed portion.

    c. The bridge was earlier known as ‘Signature Bridge‘. It has now been renamed as ‘Sudarshan Setu‘ or Sudarshan Bridge.

    4. Significance-

    a. Beyt Dwarka is an island near Okha port, which is nearly 30 km from Dwarka town, where the famous Dwarkadhish temple of Lord Krishna is situated.

    b. Earlier, the devotees visiting the temple at Beyt Dwarka could travel only during the day by boat. However, after the construction of the bridge, they can now travel at all times.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/Miscellaneous

  • Sant Ravidas

    Source-This post on Sant Ravidas has been created based on the article “Prime Minister pays tributes to Sant Ravidas on his birth anniversary“published in “PIB” on 26 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Recently, Prime Minister Narendra Modi unveiled the statue of Sant Ravidas in Varanasi and offered floral tribute on the occasion of his 647th birth anniversary.

    About Sant Ravidas

    Sant Ravidas
    Source- Jagran

    1. About

    a. Guru Ravidas was a mystic poet saint of the Bhakti Movement from the 15th and 16th centuries, and founded the Ravidassia religion.

    b. He was a revered poet and a renowned philosopher.

    2. Birth- He was born in 1377 CE in Seer Govardhanpur in Uttar Pradesh. His place of birth is now known as Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan.

    3. Life history:

    a. Despite belonging to a community whose initial occupation was in leatherwork, Ravidas shifted his focus to spiritual pursuits, spending much of his time on the banks of the Ganges.

    b. Throughout his life, he associated with Sufi saints, sadhus, and ascetics.

    c. At the age of 12, Ravidas was married to Lona Devi, and they had a son named Vijay Dass.

    3. Teachings and Works:

    a. Since his birth, Guru Ravidas devoted his life to advocating for human rights and equality.

    b.  A few of his compositions were also included in Guru Granth Sahib Ji.

    c. He is one of the most famous personalities of the nirguna sampradaya (sant parampara) and was one of the prominent leaders of the North Indian Bhakti movement.

    d. He also became a symbol of opposition to untouchability in society by the higher caste people for lower caste people.

    e) Sant Guru Ravidas Jayanti is hugely observed in the Northern part of India including Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana.

    About Guru Ravidas Jayanti

    a. Sant Ravidas Jayanti or birthday anniversary is celebrated every year on Magh Purnima on full moon day of Magh month.

    b. On this special day, a ceremony of Nagar Kirtan procession is performed by people with the chants of mantras during Aarti.

    c. Music, songs, and Doha are sung in the temples located on the streets.

    d. Some of the followers and devotees also perform the ceremony of holy bath in the Ganga River or other holy places then go to worship his image at home or in a temple.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture, Personalities in News

  • Badami Chalukya

    Source-This post on Badami Chalukya has been created based on the article “Badami Chalukya temples, writing found in Nalgonda“published in “THE TIMES OF INDIA” on 23 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Two Badami Chalukya temples, at least 1,300-1,500 years old and a 1,200-year-old label inscription have been recently discovered in Mudimanikyam village along the banks of Krishna.

    Badami Chalukya
    Source- Wikipedia

    About Badami Chalukyas

    1) Origin–  Pulakesi I established the Chalukya dynasty in 550. He took Vatapi (Badami in Bagalkot district, Karnataka) under his control and made it his capital.
    Historians refer to Pulakesi I and his descendants as the Chalukyas of Badami.

    2) Art and Architecture– It saw the evolution and proliferation of a new style of architecture known as Vesara, a combination of the South Indian and the North Indian building styles.
    The rock-cut temples of Pattadakal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Badami, and Aihole are the most celebrated monuments

    3) Coinage– Their coins had Nagari and Kannada legends. They minted coins with symbols of temples, lion or boar facing right, and the lotus.

    4) Religion– They initially followed Vedic Hinduism. Later, from the time of Vikramaditya I, the people took an inclination towards Shaivism, and sects like Pashupata, Kapalikas, and Kalamukhas emerged.
    They also patronised Jainism. For ex- Badami cave temples and other Jain temples in the Aihole complex signifies their religious faith.

    What was the governance structure of Badami Chalukyas?

    1) Defence
    A) The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, elephant corps, and a powerful navy.
    B) Hiuen-Tsang mentioned the Chalukya army that had hundreds of elephants, which were intoxicated with liquor prior to the battle.
    C) Rashtrakuta inscriptions use the term Karnatabala to refer to their powerful armies.

    2) Taxation– The government levied taxes called Herjunka, Kirukula, Bilkode, and Pannaya.

    3) Administrative division– The empire was divided into Maharashtrakas (provinces), then into smaller Rashtrakas (Mandala), Vishaya (district), Bhoga (group of ten villages).

    4) Local governance– Groups of mahajanas (learned brahmins) looked after agraharas. Agraharas were the place of higher learning.
    There were many autonomous regions which were ruled by feudatories like Alupas, Gangas, Banas, and Sendraka.

    Read more about- Chalukya dynasty

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture

  • Rani Chennamma

    Source-This post on Rani Chennamma is based on the article “How Rani Chennamma’s revolt against the British inspired a national campaign for women’s rights” published in “The Indian Express” on 20th February 2024.

    Why in the News?

    To commemorate the 200th anniversary of Rani Chennamma’s rebellion against the British, various social groups across the country are organizing a national campaign called “Naanoo Rani Chennamma” (I am Rani Chennamma too).

    The campaign aims to empower women to oppose patriarchal, anti-democratic, and casteist forces in the country, inspired by Rani Chennamma’s legacy of bravery and defiance.

    About Rani Chennamma

    Rani Chennamma
    Source- Wikipedia

    1. About:
    a. Rani Chennamma was an Indian freedom fighter and Rani of the Kittur, a former princely state in Karnataka.
    b. She led the Kittur revolt of 1824, which stands as one of the earliest woman-led anti-colonial struggles against British rule in India.

    2. Birth– She was born on October 23, 1778, in Kagati, a small village in Belagavi district of Karnataka.

    3. Marriage– She married Raja Mallasarja of Kittur at 15 and played a crucial role in defending her kingdom after his death.

    4. Struggle against the British:
    a.
    She initiated a rebellion against the British in 1824 after they declined to acknowledge her adopted son as the successor according to the ‘doctrine of lapse‘.
    b. Although she was initially successful, the British captured Kittur Fort in their third attempt in December 1824, resulting in Rani Chennamma’s imprisonment and eventual death in 1829.

    5. Significance– Her brave resistance to colonial oppression has made her a symbol in Karnataka’s political imagination and an important figure in Indian history.

    What is Doctrine of Lapse?

    1. The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India until 1859.

    2. Under the doctrine, the ruler of an independent state died childless, the right of ruling the State reverted or ‘lapsed’ to the sovereign.

    3. The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856.

    4. However, it was not solely his invention. The East India Company had annexed Kittur in 1824, Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842 by imposing a ‘doctrine of lapse’.

    Additional Facts:
    About Kittur Utsav:
    a. Kittur Utsav is a three-day festival which celebrates the Queen Rani Chennamma’s victory over East India’s company in 1824.
    b. The festival organizes sports, cultural programmes and lectures by resource persons on the kingdom of Rani Channamma.

    UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture/Personalities in news

  • Shompen Tribe

    Source-This post on Shompen Tribe has been created based on the article “Great Nicobar: Indian president visits island as fears grow for tribe” published in “BBC NEWS” on 21 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    India’s president recently visited an island earmarked for multi-billion-dollar development. As per some experts, the project could wipe out the indigenous Shompen tribe.

    About Shompen Tribes

    Shompen tribes
    Source-Survival International
    AspectsDetails 
    DescriptionThe Shompen or Shom Pen are the indigenous people of the interior of Great Nicobar Island. They are a designated as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group within the list of Scheduled Tribe.
    Characteristics1) Nature-They are one of the most isolated tribes on Earth.
    Most of them are uncontacted, refusing all interactions with outsiders.
    2) Livelihood-They are semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers, and their main sources of livelihood are hunting, gathering, fishing, and a little bit of horticultural activities in a rudimentary form.
    3) Food-They collect a wide variety of forest plants, but their staple food is the pandanus fruit, which they call larop.
    PopulationAccording to the Census (2011), the estimated population of Shompen is 229.
    LanguageThey speak their own language, which has many dialects. Members of one band do not understand the dialect of the other.
    Social structure1) They have nuclear families comprising husband, wife, and their unmarried children.
    2) The family is controlled by the eldest male member, who controls all activities of the women and kids.
    3) Monogamy is the general rule, although polygamy is allowed too.

    Some other important tribes of Andaman & Nicobar Islands

    Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    Source- Reseach Gate
    TribesLocation
    AndamaneseStrait island
    JarawasMiddle and south Andaman
    NicobareseGreat Nicobar
    OngesLittle Nicobar
    SentineleseSentinel island

    Read more about-PVTGs

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture

  • Morodharo- A Harappan settlement near Dholavira

    Source-This post on Morodharo- A Harappan settlement near Dholavira has been created based on the article “Kutch villagers’ treasure hunt helps unearth Harappan site near Dholavira” published in “The Times of India” on 20 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Archaeologists have recently discovered a Harappan-era fortified settlement named Morodharo near Dholavira.

    About Morodharo

    Morodharo
    Source-the Times Of India
    AspectDetails 
    DescriptionIt is a fortified settlement dating back to the Harappan-era.
    LocationKutch District, Gujarat
    Features1) The settlement looks mature (2,600-1,900BCE) to late (1,900-1,300 BCE) Harappan.
    2) Burial cairns, which are mounds of stones to demarcate a boundary, are also found here.
    3) Harappan pottery with perforated jar sherds, reserved slipware, and terracotta cakes were unearthed.
    4) All these items have a striking resemblance to those found in Dholavira.
    SignificanceAs per archaeologist, this site and Dholavira both were dependent on the sea. This suggests the presence of navigable waters near Rann of Kutch in ancient times.

    Read more about-Harappan civilisation

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & Culture

  • Paruveta Utsavam

    Source-This post on Paruveta Utsavam is based on the article “Efforts on to get UNESCO tag for ‘Paruveta Utsavam’ of Ahobilam” published in “The Hindu” on 18th February 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH) has been making efforts to obtain UNESCO recognition for the yearly ‘Paruveta Utsavam‘ (mock hunting festival) as an ‘intangible cultural heritage‘.

    About Paruveta Utsavam

    Paruveta utsavam
    Source- Tirumala updates

    1. About– It is an annual mock hunting festival held at the Sri Narasimha Swamy temple in Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

    2. Symbol– The festival serves as a testament to communal harmony. During this time, the deity from the inner sanctum of the temple is carried to the 32 Chenchu tribal settlements surrounding Ahobilam for a period of 40 days.

    3. Belief:
    a. According to legend, Lord Vishnu, in his Narasimha form, married Maha Lakshmi, who was born as a tribal girl named Chenchulakshmi in Ahobilam.
    b. The Kurnool District Gazetteers, published by the Government Press in 1881, documents various beliefs of the Chenchu tribes. They include their respect for Ahobila Narasimha as their brother-in-law and the tradition of inviting him home for Makara Sankranti.

    4. Activities:
    a. Participants observe ‘Narasimha Deeksha‘ by wearing yellow robes, ‘Tulasi Mala‘, and practicing celibacy.
    b. During the ceremony, tribal members shoot arrows at the deity’s palanquin as a gesture of respect and protection.
    c. Paruveta Utsavam is celebrated by people of all castes.

    5. Administrative Body & Tribal link:
    a. The 600-year-old Ahobila Mutt, through the ‘Guru Parampara’, oversees the temple.
    b. It has promoted this tribal festival to spread Srivaishnavism among the local tribes.
    c. The connection between the tribes and Lord Vishnu is affirmed in Vasanthika Parinayam, a Sanskrit drama written by the 7th Jeeyar of the Mutt centuries ago.

    About the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH)

    1. About– It is a non-profit charitable organization registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.

    2. Established– It was founded in 1984 in New Delhi.

    3. Objective– Its goal is to establish a membership organization to promote awareness and lead conservation efforts for heritage in India.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture

  • Kotravai sculpture from the Pallava era found

    Source-This post on Kotravai sculpture from the Pallava era found is based on the article “Kotravai sculpture from Pallava period unearthed near Ulundurpet” published in “The New Indian Express” on 14th February 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, archaeologists unearthed an eighth-century Kotravai sculpture, an artifact dating back to the Pallava period, near Ulundurpet, Tamil Nadu.

    What does the discovery suggest?

    Kotravai sculpture
    Source- The New Indian Express

    1. It is crafted from slab stone during the eighth century Pallava period.

    2. The sculpture portrays items like chakkara, sword, bell, and abhaya mudra in its right hands, while the left hands display a conch, bow, shield, and Uru Mudhra, along with bangles in all hands.

    What are the significant details regarding the Pallava Dynasty?

    Pallava dynasty
    Source- Indianetzone
    AspectDetails
    About1. The Pallava Dynasty was a prominent force in South India that existed between the 3rd and 9th Centuries.
    2. They governed northern Tamil Nadu, sections of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana, with Kanchipuram as their capital.
    Origin1. They were earlier feudatories  of Andhra Satavahanas.
    2. Following the decline of the Andhra Satavahanas in Amaravati, the Pallavas gained autonomy and grew independent
    3. They gradually moved southward and established their capital in Kanchipuram during the 4th century CE.
    Foreign Traveler Account1. Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang, who visited Kanchipuram during the Pallava era, praised their kind rule.
    2. He portrayed Bodhidharma, the founder of the Chan (Zen) school of Buddhism in China, as a prince of the Pallava empire.
    Notable KingsDuring the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571 – 630 CE) and Narasimhavarman I (630 – 668 CE), the Pallava realm experienced increased wealth and strength.
    Architecture1. The Pallava Dynasty was renowned for their contributions to Dravidian architecture, particularly in temple construction.
    2. They played a pivotal role in shifting from rock-cut architecture to stone temples.
    3. Mahabalipuram, a significant hub of art, architecture, and literature during Pallava rule, showcases their remarkable achievements.
    4. Narasimhavarman II commissioned the construction of the Kailasanatha Temple in Kanchipuram and the Shore Temple.
    ReligionThey embraced Shaivism, a local religion, and identified as Dravidians.
    Combat1. The Pallava Dynasty engaged in persistent battles with the Chalukya Dynasty to the north and the Tamil kingdoms of Chola and Pandyas to the south.
    2. Their conflicts with the Chalukyas of Badami persisted until they were eventually subdued by the Chola kings in the 8th century CE.
    Decline1. The rise of the Rashtrakutas led to the decline of the Pallava Dynasty.
    2. In 897 AD, Vijayalaya, the Chola King, defeated Aparajitavarman, the last Pallava King, completely.

    UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture

  • BAPS Mandir- Abu Dhabi UAE

    Source-This post on BAPS Mandir- Abu Dhabi UAE has been created based on the article “BAPS Mandir: Abu Dhabi’s first Hindu temple to be inaugurated by PM Modi on Feb 14” published in “INDIA TODAY” on 13 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Prime Minister will inaugurate the BAPS Mandir (Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha Mandir), the first Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi.

    About the BAPS Mandir (Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha Mandir)

    BAPS_Abu_Dhabi_Mandir
    Source-Wikipedia

    Location– It is located at Abu Mureikhah, which is near Al Rahba.

    Type– It is built in traditional Nagar style of architecture.

    Size- It has an astounding 402 pillars, meticulously carved from 25,000 stone pieces. The temple stands tall at 108 feet, being crowned with seven shikhars (spires) each representing one of the seven emirates of the UAE.

    Material used Pink Rajasthan sandstone, white Italian marble and 18 lakh bricks.

    Entrance– The entrance of the temple is marked by eight murtis (idols). These idols symbolise the eight values foundational to Sanatana Dharma.

    Domes– Temple is surrounded by ‘Dome of Harmony’ and ‘Dome of Peace’.

    Shrines
    1) The temple houses seven shrines, each dedicated to different deities hailing from the North, East, West and South parts of India.
    2) These deities include Lord Ram and his wife Sita; Lord Hanuman; Lord Shiva and his wife Parvati and children Ganesh and Karthik etc.
    3) Each shrine is adorned with exquisite carvings. It reflects the life and teachings of their respective deities.

    Inscriptions– Stories from ancient civilisations such as Maya, Aztec, Egyptian, Arabic, European, Chinese and African are all captured in stone. This is a testament to the interconnected essence of global spirituality.

    Eco-friendly architecture
    1) The temple has been built by using fly ash instead of cement to reduce its carbon footprint.
    2) Nano tiles have been installed with designs to keep visitors comfortable even in extreme heat.
    3) It has not used any ferrous material.

    About Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS)

    Description– BAPS is a socio-spiritual Hindu faith with its roots in the Vedas. Its global network of mandirs and centres hosts many moral, social, cultural, and spiritual activities.

    Founder– It is based on the Vedic teachings propagated by Bhagwan Swaminarayan (1781-1830 CE).

    Establishment– It was established in 1907 CE by Brahmaswarup Shastriji Maharaj.

    Basic principles-It follows No Alcohol, No Addictions, No Adultery, No Meat, No Impurity of body and mind way of life.

    Social service– It is also engaged in a variety of humanitarian activities that include services in times of natural calamities, primary schools, students’ hostels, hospitals, diagnostic camps, anti-addiction drives etc.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art & culture.

  • Nazool Land- Behind recent dispute and Violence in Haldwani

    Source-This post on Nazool Land- Behind recent dispute and Violence in Haldwani is based on the article “What is Nazool land, behind recent dispute and violence in Haldwani?” published in “The Indian Express” on 12th February 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, violence erupted in Haldwani, Uttarakhand, after the administration conducted a demolition drive at a mosque and madrasa allegedly on Nazool land.

    What is Nazool land?

    Nazool land
    Source-Lok mat

    1. Nazool land is government-owned property. However, usually it is not directly managed as state property.

    2. It is often leased to entities for fixed periods, ranging from 15 to 99 years.

    3. In case of lease expiry, one can approach the authority to renew the lease by submitting a written application to the revenue department of the local development authority.

    4. The government can either renew or cancel leases.

    5. Origin– Nazool land originated because kings and royals lacked documentation to prove ownership of lands seized during British rule.

    How is it governed?

    1. While some states have issued government orders to frame rules for Nazool land.

    2. The Nazool Lands (Transfer) Rules, 1956, is the law mostly used for adjudicating Nazool land.

    How does the government use Nazool land?

    1. The government typically uses Nazool land for public purposes such as constructing schools, hospitals, Gram Panchayat buildings, etc.

    2. Many cities in India have large portions of Nazool land used for housing societies, usually on lease.

    UPSC Syllabus- Polity and Nation/History and Art and Culture

  • Dhokra Shilpkala Sculpture

    Source-This post on Dhokra Shilpkala sculpture has been created based on the article “Dhokra Shilpkala: How Chhattisgarh’s Ocher Studio is helping to preserve India’s 4,000-year-old craft” published in “The Economic Times” on 9 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Chhattisgarh’s Ocher Studio is helping the artisans to preserve India’s 4,000-year-old craft- Dhokra Shilpkala.

    About Dhokra Shilpkala Sculpture

    Dhokra shilpkala
    Source-Gaon connection
    AspectDetail
    DescriptionThe word “Dhokra” is believed to be derived from the Dhokra Damar tribes, the traditional metal smiths of Central India.
    OriginThe origins can be traced back to the tribal communities residing in the regions of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Odisha.
    TechniqueIt uses the lost-wax technique, or cire perdue, for metal casting.
    Artistry and design1) The beauty of Dhokra Shilpkala lies in its rustic charm and the organic nature of its designs.
    2) Artisans draw inspiration from nature, mythology, and everyday life.They  incorporate motifs such as animals, birds, deities, and tribal symbols into their creations.
    3) Each piece display a sense of timeless elegance and cultural richness.
    Challenges1)  Rapid growth in urbanization
    2) Rise of mechanized production techniques.

    What is lost wax technique?

    Lost wax technique
    Source-Britannica

    1) The process begins with the creation of a clay core, which serves as the base for the final metal sculpture.
    2) Artisans then coat this clay core with a layer of beeswax. They sculpt the intricate designs and patterns by hand.
    3) Once the wax model is complete, it is covered with layers of clay.
    4) The entire structure is then heated, allowing the wax to melt and drain out. It leaves behind a cavity in the shape of the original sculpture.
    5) Molten metal, which is a combination of brass and bronze, is poured into this cavity, filling the space left by the melted wax.
    6) After cooling and solidifying, the clay mould is broken away, revealing the final metal casting.

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture

  • Kokborok language

    Source-This post on Kokborok language has been created based on the article “After weeks of protests and exchange of barbs, TBSE allows both Roman, Bengali scripts for Kokborok exam in Tripura” published in “The Indian Express” on 7 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Tripura Board of Secondary Education (TBSE) has announced that both Roman and Bengali scripts will be allowed for Kokborok exams.

    About Kokborok Language

    Kokborok lanuage
    Source-The Indian Express

    Description– Kokborok is the language spoken by the Borok people belonging to the State of Tripura. The term kok means “verbal“, and borok means “people” or “human”.

    Family-It is a Sino-Tibetan language and can be traced back to at least the 1st century AD when the historical record of Tripuri kings started to be written down in a book called the Rajratnakar.

    Official status-It is one of the state languages of Tripura, along with Bengali. It was notified on January 19, 1979.

    Read moreOfficial language in Constitution of India.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art & culture and polity

  • Bharat Ratna for P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh, MS Swaminathan

    Source-This post on Bharat Ratna for P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh, MS Swaminathan is based on the article “M.S. Swaminathan, P.V. Narasimha Rao, Charan Singh to get Bharat Ratna” published in “The Hindu” on 9th February 2024.

    Why in the News?

    The government has recently announced that the Bharat Ratna will be conferred on former PM P.V. Narasimha Rao and Chaudhary Charan Singh, as well as Green Revolution pioneer M.S. Swaminathan. 
    This is in addition to the two recipients previously announced earlier this year — socialist leader Karpoori Thakur and former Deputy Prime Minister L.K. Advani.

    Who were P.V. Narasimha Rao, Chaudhary Charan Singh, and M.S. Swaminathan?

    P.V. Narasimha Rao and Chaudhary Charan Singh, MS Swaminathan
    Source- The Hindu

    Note- PV Narshima Rao was the first PM from southern India.

    About Bharat Ratna

    Bharat Ratna
    Source- The Print

    1) About– Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of India, instituted in 1954.

    2) Domain of recognition– The award initially honored contributions in arts, literature, science, and public services. However, in December 2011, its scope was expanded to include ‘any field of human endeavor.

    3) First recipients– Scientists Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, C. Rajagopalachari and Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan.

    4) Non Indians– The award has also been given to non-Indians – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela.

    5) Recommendation for Bharat Ratna-The recommendations for Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President.

    6) Bharat Ratna Award Limit:
    a.
    The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year.
    b. However, in 2024, five Bharat Ratna awards were announced, one more than the four announced in 1999. This marks the highest number ever conferred in a single year.

    7) Title guidelines:
    a. According to Article 18 (1) of the Constitution, the Bharat Ratna cannot be used as a prefix or suffix to the recipient’s name.
    b. However, if the award holder wishes to indicate they have received the award, they may do so in their biodata, letterhead, or visiting card.

    UPSC Syllabus- Personalities in news/Miscellaneous/History Art and Culture

  • Ajanta and Ellora Caves

    Source-This post on Ajanta and Ellora Caves has been created based on the article “Ajanta & Ellora now part of Swadesh Darshan scheme” published in “THE TIMES OF INDIA” on 7 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Ministry of Tourism has recently included the UNESCO World Heritage sites of Ajanta and Ellora caves in its Swadesh Darshan Scheme II.

    About Ajanta and Ellora Caves

    Ajanta and Ellora caves
    Source-Explore Our India
    Area of differenceAjanta cavesEllora caves
    LocationAjanta caves are located in the Sahyadri ranges (Western Ghats). These are a series of rock-cut caves on Waghora river near Aurangabad in Maharashtra.It is located nearly 100 Kms away from Ajanta caves in the Sahyadri range of Maharashtra.
    Number of cavesThere are a total of 29 buddhist caves in Ajanta of which 4 were used as Chaitya or prayer halls while 25 were used as Viharas or residential caves..Ellora caves are a group of 100 caves at the site of which 34 caves are open to the public. 17 caves out of these 34 are themed around Hinduism, 12 caves depict the themes of Buddhist and 5 caves are of Jain faith.
    Major religionAjanta Caves are mostly Buddhist sites.Ellora has a better mix of Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist structures.
    Time period of constructionThe caves were developed in the period between 200 B.C. to 650 A.D.They date to the period between the 6th and 11th Centuries AD.
    StatusUNESCO World Heritage sitesUNESCO World Heritage sites

    About Swadesh darshan scheme

    Year of Launching-2015

    Concerned ministryMinistry of Tourism, Government of India

    Objective-To develop sustainable and responsible tourism destinations in the country.

    Type of scheme-It is 100% centrally funded scheme.

    Provision of scheme

    1) The Ministry of Tourism provides financial assistance to State governments, Union Territory Administrations, or Central Agencies for development of tourism infrastructure in the country.

    2) State Government/UT Administration have to operate and maintain the projects sanctioned under the Swadesh Darshan Scheme.

    3) It has 15 themes for the development of theme-based tourist circuits throughout India.

    NOTE-Some other important schemes related to tourism

    1) PRASHAD Scheme
    2) Utsav Portal
    3) DekhoApnaDesh Initiative.

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture and scheme and programmes in news.

  • 390-Year-Old Deepastambham (Lamp Post)

    Source-This post on 390-Year-Old Deepastambham (Lamp Post) is based on the article “390-year-old lamp post in Nalgonda dedicated to Kasi Viswanatha unravels trade links of Telangana” published in “The Hindu” on 7th February 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently, archaeologists discovered a 390-year-old Deepastambham (lamp post) on the banks of the River Krishna in Nalgonda district, Telangana. This discovery sheds new light on trade ties in the region during early medieval times.

    About the Deepastambham (lamp post)

    Deepastambham
    Source-The Hindu

    1. According to the inscription found on the lamp post, the pillar can be dated back to June 1635.

    2. The inscription, comprising a fusion of Telugu and Tamil languages which suggests that the pillar was dedicated to Kasi Viswanatha.

    3. The impressive height of the pillar hints at its possible role as a a lighthouse, aiding ships along the riverine trade route in the early medieval era.

    What is the history of the Nalgonda region?

    1. During the construction of the lamp post, the region was governed by the Qutb Shahi dynasty.

    2. European travelers like the French diamond trader Tavernier, who visited the Hyderabad kingdom has also made note of these land trade routes.

    About Krishna river

    Krishna river
    Source- ResearchGate

    1. It is the third-longest river in India, after the Ganges and Godavari.

    2. It is the fourth-largest in India in terms of water inflows and river basin area after the Ganges, Indus, and Godavari.

    3. Its Basin extends over Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

    4. Left Bank tributaries – Bhima, Dindi, Peddavagu, Musi, Paleru, Munneru.

    5. Right Bank tributaries – Kudali (Niranjna) Venna, Koyna, Panchganga, Dudhaganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha and Tungabhadra (largest tributary).

    UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture

  • Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana

    Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana

    Source-This post on Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana has been created based on the article “Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana To Increase Influx Of Devotees Like Kashi Corridor, Mahakal Lok” published in “SWARAJYA” on 4th February 2024.

    Why in The News?

    The PM has recently laid the foundation stone for Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana to enhance access and amenities for pilgrims visiting the Kamakhya temple.

    What is Maa Kamakhya Divya Lok Pariyojana?

    Objective-To enhance the pilgrimage experience and boosting tourism in Assam.

    Features:
    1) It is part of the Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North Eastern Region (PMDevINE) scheme. This corridor draws inspiration from the Kashi-Vishwanath Temple Corridor in Varanasi.
    2) It will restore six major hidden temples within the Kamakhya complex.

    About Kamakhya temple

    Kamakhya_Temple,_Guwahati
    Source-wikipedia

    Location-Nilachal Hills, Guwahati.

    Religious significance– It is one of the 51 shaktipeethas. Kamakhya is considered the goddess of fertility.

    Architectural features:
    1) The temple’s architectural shape is a combination of the traditional nagara and saracenic styles. This hybrid architecture is sometimes called the Nilachal type, named after the hill where it’s located.
    2) The temple has a distinctive beehive-like shikhara (dome). The dome is adorned with sculptured panels and images of various Hindu deities.

    Festival-Kamakhya Temple hosts the Ambubachi Mela. This is an annual festival celebrating the menstruation of the goddess.

     

    Read More UPSC Topics-

     

    About PMDevINE(Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for the North East Region)

    AspectDetails
    Objective1) To fund infrastructure to compliment PM GatiShakti.
    2) To support social development projects based on felt needs of the North Eastern Region.
    LaunchedIt was announced by the Central Government during the Union Budget 2022-23.
    ImplementationIt will be implemented for the remaining four years of the 15th Finance Commission, from 2022-23 to 2025-26.
    Nodal ministryMinistry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), through the North Eastern Council or central ministries and agencies.
    FundingIt gets 100%  funding from the centre (Central sector scheme)

    UPSC Syllabus-Scheme & programmes and art and culture.

  • Grammy Awards

    Source-This post on Grammy Awards has been created based on the article “Grammy Awards 2024: Zakir Hussain bags 3 awards for ‘Pashto’, Shankar Mahadevan’s ‘This Moment’ wins” published in “Mint” on 5 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The fusion band, Shakti, bagged the Global Music Album Winner at the Grammy Awards.

    About Grammy Awards

    AspectDetails
    AboutThe Grammy Award is a prestigious accolade presented annually by the Recording Academy to honour outstanding achievements in the music industry.
    HistoryThe Grammy Awards were first established in 1959 to honour artistic and technical excellence across various music genres.
    The name “Grammy” is derived from “gramophone,” reflecting the original trophy’s design resembling a gramophone.
    Categories1) It includes a wide range of categories covering such as pop, rock, rap, country, classical, jazz, and many more.
    2) The “General Field” are four awards that are not restricted by genre.
    3) They are
    Album of the Year, Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best New Artist, and genre-specific awards.
    Nomination and selection process1) The nomination process involves submissions by record companies, artists, and other industry professionals.
    2) The Recording Academy members then vote to determine the final nominees.
    3) Winners are selected by voting members of The Recording Academy, consisting of music professionals across various fields.
    Some interesting facts.1) There are 15 Indians who have won Grammy Awards such as A.R. Rahman, Zakir Hussain etc
    2) Grammy Awards has introduced 3 new categories to recognise African Music, pop dance, and alternative jazz.
    CeremonyIt is held annually in Los Angeles, California, typically in January or February.

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture.

  • Subika painting

    Source-This post on Subika painting has been created based on the article “Manipur’s age-old Subika paintings and an assistant professor’s struggle to save the art form” published in “The Indian Express” on 31 January 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Invaluable art forms of Manipur are on the brink of extinction due to neglect.

    About Subika painting

    subika painting
    Source-The Indian Express
    AspectDetails
    TypeIt is an early visual art form of Manipur.
    CommunityIt is a style of painting which is linked to the Meitei community’s cultural history.
    ManuscriptIt is surviving through its six manuscripts — Subika, Subika Achouba, Subika Laishaba, Subika Choudit, Subika Cheithil and Thengrakhel Subika.
    OriginThe royal chronicle, Cheitharol Kumbaba, doesn’t mention a specific founder. However, experts estimate the use of Subika paintings since the 18th or 19th century.
    Key points1) It is a composition of cultural motifs made by pre-existing features and other influences encouraged by cultural world-views of the community.
    2) The illustrations of Subika Laishaba have visual language from the elements such as lines, shapes, forms, colours, and patterns.
    3) These visual images become Meitei’s cultural motif, and structure to create visual effects as well as express cultural significance.
    4) The visual images are painted on handmade paper.
    5) The materials of manuscripts are prepared indigenously, either handmade paper or barks of trees.

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture.

  • Auroville Exposure Tour

    Source-This post on Auroville Exposure Tour has been created based on the article “Students Engage In Auroville Exposure Tour As Part Of Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat Programme, Delving Into Key Units Of Auroville” published in Lednewsdesk on 1 February 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Students under the Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat (EBSB) programme visited Auroville town to learn about the working of four key units.

    About Auroville town

    Location– Mostly in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, with some parts in the Union Territory of Pondicherry in India. Auroville is a universal township in the making for a population of up to 50,000 people from around the world.

    Founder– It was founded in 1968 by Mirra Alfassa (known as “the Mother”) and designed by architect Roger Ange.

    Auroville has its origins in the French language, “Aurore” meaning dawn and “Ville” meaning village/city. Additionally, it is named after Sri Aurobindo.

    Objective

    – To realise human unity – in diversity.
    – To ensure sustainable living and addressing the future cultural, environmental, social and spiritual needs of mankind.

    About Sri Aurobindo

    He was born in Calcutta on 15th August 1872. He was a yogi, seer, philosopher, poet, and Indian nationalist.

    Philosophy

    Aurobindo’s life philosophy is a synthesis of idealism, realism, naturalism and pragmatism.
    According to him, Jnana (knowledge), Bhakti (devotion) and Karma (work ethics) can lead man to the divine path. His philosophy is also known as integral yoga.

    Important Literary Works:
    1) An English newspaper called Bande Mataram (in 1905).
    2) Bhagavad Gita and Its Message
    3) The Future Evolution of Man
    4) Rebirth and Karma

    NOTE- Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat (EBSB) programm– On Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s 140th birthday, the Prime Minister announced the “Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat” initiative to enhance the connection between people of various cultures living in different Indian states and union territories to encourage greater mutual understanding.

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture in news.

  • Gallantry awards

    Source-This post on gallantry award has been created based on the article “Republic Day 2024: Over 1,100 personnel awarded Gallantry and Service medals.Details here” published in “Live Mint“on 25 January 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Central Government has chosen 1,132 personnel from various services including police, fire service, home guard, civil defence, and correctional service for gallantry and service medals on Republic Day.

    About Gallantry awards

    AspectDetail
    History1) The first three gallantry awards namely Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra, and Vir Chakra were instituted by the government of India on 26th January 1950. These awards are given during war time.
    2) Three other gallantry awards — the Ashoka Chakra Class-I, the Ashoka Chakra Class-II, and the Ashoka Chakra Class-III — were instituted in 1952. These awards were renamed Ashoka Chakra, Kirti Chakra, and Shaurya Chakra in January 1967.These awards are given during peace time.
    ObjectiveTo honour the acts of bravery and sacrifice of the officers/personnel of the Armed Forces and others lawfully constituted Forces and civilians.
    FrequencyAnnounced twice in a year – first on Republic Day and then on the the Independence Day
    Order of precedence Param Vir Chakra> the Ashoka Chakra> the Mahavir Chakra> the Kirti Chakra> the Vir Chakra >the Shaurya chakra.
    Awarded by1. The President every year at the Rashtrapati Bhawan.
    2. However, the Param Vir Chakra and the Ashoka Chakra are conferred by the President to the awardees/NoKs on the occasion of the Republic Day Parade at the Rajpath.

    NOTE-1) All the gallantry awards may be awarded posthumously.
    2) Civilian citizens of either sex in all walks of life and members of Police Forces including Central Para-Military Forces and Railway Protection Force are eligible for Ashoka Chakra, the Kirti Chakra and the Shaurya Chakra.

    UPSC Syllabus-Art & culture

  • Maratha Military Landscapes: India’s UNESCO World Heritage Nomination for 2024-25

    Source-This post is based on the article “Maratha Military Landscapes of India will be India’s nomination for recognition as UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25” published in “PIB” on 29th January 2024.

    Why in the News?

    The “Maratha Military Landscapes of India” will be India’s nomination for recognition in the UNESCO World Heritage List for the year 2024-25.

    What are the ‘Maratha Military Landscapes of India’?

    AspectDetails
    AboutIt refers to the historical regions, fortifications, military architecture, and associated cultural elements related to the Maratha Empire’s military history.
    Developed in These were developed between the 17th and 19th centuries.
    Selected forts for NominationThere are more than 390 forts in Maharashtra out of which only 12 are chosen for the Maratha Military Landscapes of India.
    a. Shivneri Fort, Lohagad, Raigad, Suvarnadurg, Panhala Fort, Vijaydurg, Sindhudurg, and Gingee Fort are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India.
    b. Salher Fort, Rajgad, Khanderi Fort, and Pratapgarh are protected by the Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Maharashtra.
    Categorization of selected fortsIn the Maratha Military Landscapes of India these forts are categorized as:
    a. Hill forts– Salher fort, Shivneri fort, Lohgad, Raigad, Rajgad and Gingee fort.
    b. Hill-forest fort– Pratapgad
    c. Hill-plateau fort– Panhala
    d. Coastal fort– Vijaydurg
    e. Island forts– Khanderi fort, Suvarnadurg and Sindhudurg

    What are the categories of nomination for UNESCO World Heritage List?

    1) There are two categories of nomination– cultural and natural criteria.

    2) There are six criteria (i to vi) for cultural sites and four criteria (vii to x) for natural sites for inclusion in the World Heritage List.

    3) The Maratha Military Landscapes of India is nominated under:
    a. Criterion (iii)- Unique or exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or civilization, either living or extinct.
    b. Criterion (iv)- To exemplify a significant stage in human history through outstanding architecture, technology, or landscape.
    c. Criterion (vi)- To be closely linked with significant events, traditions, beliefs, and works of universal significance.

    What are the World Heritage sites in India, particularly in Maharashtra, and how are they categorized?

    1) At present in India there are 42 World Heritage sites, out of which 34 are cultural sites, seven are natural sites whereas one is mixed site.

    2) In Maharashtra there are six World Heritage Sites, five cultural and one natural:
    a. Cultural Sites– Ajanta Caves (1983), Ellora Caves (1983), Elephanta Caves (1987), Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004), Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai (2018).
    b. Natural Site– Western Ghats of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala is serial property in natural category (2012).

    3) The Maratha Military Landscapes of India, listed in the 2021 Tentative List of World Heritage sites, is Maharashtra’s sixth cultural property nominated for the World Heritage List.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture

  • Sapinda Marriage

    Source-This post on sapinda marriage has been created based on the article” What are incestuous ‘sapinda’ marriages, and why has Delhi High Court reaffirmed the ban on them? published in” The Indian Express” on 29 January 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Delhi High Court has recently rejected a challenge to the constitutionality of Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA), which prohibits marriage between Hindus if they are “sapindas” of each other.

    Background-

    In 2007, a sapinda marriage was declared void, prompting the woman to appeal the ruling in the Delhi HC, which was dismissed in 2023. She then challenged the constitutional validity of Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 (HMA), arguing it violates the Right to equality under Article 14. The women argued that sapinda marriages are common even without proof of custom also.

    However, the Delhi HC rejected her arguments. The court emphasised the need for stringent proof of an established custom and upheld the regulation of partner choice in marriage.

    What is a sapinda marriage?

    A sapinda marriage is one between individuals who are closely related to each other. As per section 3 of Hindu Marriage Act, “Two persons are said to be sapindas of each other if one is a lineal ascendant (it means son, grandson) of the other, or if they have a common lineal ascendant who is within the limits of sapinda relationship.”

    Sapinda marriage is prohibited within certain generations on both the mother’s and father’s sides.
    Mother’s Side: Marriage is forbidden within three generations. Sibling (first generation), their parents (second generation), their grandparents (third generation)
    Father’s Side: It extends to five generations. This prohibition would extend up to their grandparents’ grandparent.

    Prohibition on Sapinda marriage-
    Section 5(v) of the Hindu Marriage Act prohibits sapinda marriages unless there is an established custom that permits the marriage. This means that if there is no established custom, marriage is considered invalid.

    Exception to the rule of Sapinda MarriageWhen the customs of each individual permits sapinda marriages.
    Custom as defined by the Hindu Marriage Act-The definition of the word “custom” is provided in Section 3(a) of the HMA. As per the law, a custom must be continuously and uniformly observed for a long period to gain legitimacy among Hindu.
    As per the court, customs should not be unreasonable or opposed to public policy. In the case of a rule that is applicable only to a certain family, the rule should not have been “discontinued by that family”.

    Status of sapinda marriage in other countries.

    FranceAbolished the crime of incest under the Penal Code of 1810, allowing marriages between consenting adults.
    PortugalIt does not criminalise incest.
    ItalyIncest is only considered a crime if it causes a “public scandal.”
    BelgiumAdopted similar laws under the influence of the French code.
    IrelandLaws on incest have not been updated post the recognition of same-sex marriages in 2015.
    USAIncestuous marriages are banned in all states except New Jersey and Rhode Island.

    Note-Incestuous: An incestuous relationship is one involving sexual intercourse between two members of the same family.

    Upsc Syllabus-Indian Society/Art and Culture in News

  • About Padma Awards 2024

    About Padma Awards 2024

    Source-This post on Padma award has been created based on the article “Padma Awards 2024 announced” published in “PIB” on 25 January 2024.

    Why in the news?

    About Padma Awards 2024, Recently Padma Awards – one of the highest civilian Awards of the country, are conferred in three categories, namely, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.

    About Padma awards

    AspectsDetail
    History1) The Government of India instituted two civilian awards-Bharat Ratna & Padma Vibhushan in 1954.
    2) Padma Vibhushan had three classes namely Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg and Tisra Varg.
    3) These were subsequently renamed as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri vide Presidential Notification issued on January 8, 1955.
    About1) The Padma Awards are one of the highest civilian honours of India.
    2) They are announced annually on the eve of Republic Day.
    3) These Awards are conferred by the President of India at ceremonial functions which are held at Rashtrapati Bhawan usually around March / April every year.
    MinistryThe awards come under the aegis of the Ministry of Home Affairs.
    ObjectiveTo acknowledge achievements in all fields of activities or discipline where element of public service is involved.
    CategoriesThe Awards are given in three categories:
    1) Padma Vibhushan (for exceptional and distinguished service),
    2) Padma Bhushan (distinguished service of higher-order) and
    3) Padma Shri (distinguished service).
    Padma Vibhushan is highest in the hierarchy of Padma Awards followed by Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri.
    DisciplineThe Awards are given in various disciplines/ fields of activities, viz.- art, social work, public affairs, science and engineering, trade and industry, medicine, literature and education, sports, music etc.
    EligibilityAll persons without distinction of race, occupation, position or sex are eligible for these Awards.
    Selection process1) All nominations received for the Padma Awards are placed before the Padma Awards Committee constituted by the Prime Minister every year.
    2) The Padma Awards Committee is headed by the Cabinet Secretary and includes the Home Secretary, the Secretary to the President, and four to six eminent persons as members.
    3) The recommendations of the committee are submitted to the Prime Minister and the President of India for approval.
    Some important facts1) The total number of awards to be given in a year (excluding posthumous awards and to NRI/foreigners/OCIs) should not be more than 120.
    2) The award does not amount to title and cannot be used as a suffix or prefix to the awardees’ name.
    3) These were discontinued in 1978 and 1979 and from 1993 to 1997.

    UPSC SYLLABUS: Art and Culture in News

     

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  • Srirangam Temple

    Source-This post is based on the article “Modi the first serving Prime Minister to visit Srirangam temple” published in “The Hindu” on 20 January 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Prime Minister has recently visited Srirangam temple also called the Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple.

    Srirangam Temple
    Source- Wikipedia

    About the temple

    1. Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Ranganatha (a form of Vishnu), located in Srirangam, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India.

    2. The temple has the unique distinction of being the foremost among the 108 Divya Desams dedicated to the god Vishnu.

    3. The Srirangam temple is the largest temple compound in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world

    4. In 2017 the temple won the UNESCO Asia Pacific Award of Merit 2017 for cultural heritage conservation, making it the first temple in Tamil Nadu to receive the award from the UNESCO.

    What are the architectural features of the temple?

    StyleDravidian (the temple is glorified by Alvars in their Naalayira Divya Prabhandam)
    SizeThe temple occupies an area of 63 hectares (155 acres) with 81 shrines, 21 towers, 39 pavilions.
    ShrinesThe temple complex includes over 50 shrines dedicated to Vishnu, Lakshmi, as well as various Vaishnava scholars and poets.
    MandapaThe Ranganathaswamy Temple has many mandapams like thousand pillar mandapa, garuda mandapa.
    GopuramThere are 21 gopurams (tower gateways), among which the towering Rajagopuram (shrine of the main gateway) is the tallest temple tower in Asia
    InscriptionsThe historic inscriptions at the Ranganathaswamy Temple are in six major Indian languages: Tamil, Sanskrit, Kannada, Telugu, Marathi and Odia. The inscriptions have provided information about South Indian history, culture, economy and social role.

    What is the historical and cultural significance of the temple?

    1) The main deity of the temple is mentioned in various Sanskrit literature and epics such as the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Padma Purana, Brahmanda Purana and Garuda Puranam.

    2) Medieval scholars like Nathamuni, Ramanuja, Pillai Lokacharya, Vedanta Desika and Manavala Mamunigal are associated with the temple.

    3) Bhakti movement- Ranganathaswamy temple is the only one out of the 108 temples that was sung in praise by all the Alvars (follower of Vaishnavism).

    UPSC SYLLABUS:-ART AND CULTURE

  • Madhika Language

    Source:-This post is created based on the article “With just two speakers, a language in Kerala with no script is on the brink of extinction” published in “The Hindu” on 24 January 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Kerala’s Chakaliya community is facing the threat of extinction of its unique language Madhika as just 2 speakers remaining.

    About the madhika language

    1. The language is spoken by Chakaliya community.

    2. It is a blend of Telugu, Tulu, Kannada, and Malayalam.

    3. It may sound like Kannada but it has its own uniqueness due to diverse influences.

    4. It is largely influenced by Havyaka Kannada, an old form of Kannada.

    5. The language does not have its own script thus it faces the threat of extinction.

    Facts about Chakaliya Community

    Origin-They have a nomadic origin. They worship gods like Thiruvenkatramana and Mariamma.

    Location– Kannur district (Kerala)

    Migration to Kerala– They have migrated to northern Malabar from the hilly regions of Karnataka centuries ago.

    Status-Initially they were given the S.T. status, but later they were brought under S.C. category. The mention of the community can be found in the book Caste and Tribes of Southern India

    Social position– They were considered untouchables.

    What are the government’s steps to preserve endangered language?

    1. The Government of India has initiated a Scheme known as “Scheme for Protection and Preservation of Endangered Languages of India” (SPPEL). Under this scheme, the Central Institute of Indian Languages (CIIL), Mysore works on protection, preservation and documentation of all the mother tongues/languages.

    NOTE- Endangered Language– As per UNESCO, any language spoken by less than 10,000 persons is considered “potentially endangered”.

    Some important constitutional provisions for protection of language

    Article 29– Any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having a distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have the right to conserve the same.

    Article 350B-It provides for a Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities to investigate all the matters relating to the Safeguards provided for the linguistic minorities.

    International steps:-UNESCO’s flagship activity in safeguarding endangered languages is the Atlas of the World’s Languages in danger.

    UPSC Syllabus:-Art and culture in news.

  • Late former Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur to be awarded Bharat Ratna

    Source-This post is based on the article “Late former Bihar CM Karpoori Thakur to be awarded Bharat Ratna” published in “Times of India” on 23rd January 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently Government of India has announced that Late former Bihar chief minister Karpoori Thakur will be posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna.

    Who was Karpoori Thakur?

    Karpoori Thakur
    Source- India Today
    AspectDetails
    About1. He was an Indian politician who served two terms as the Chief Minister of Bihar.
    2. He was born on January 24, 1924, in the village of Pitaunjhia (now Karpuri Gram) in the Samastipur District of Bihar.
    3. He passed away in February 1988.
    4. He was popularly known as Jan Nayak. He was also known as the champion of the poor.
    5. He drew inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi and Satyanarayan Sinha.
    Political career1. He began his political journey with the Praja Socialist Party and later aligned himself with the Janata Party.
    2. He was elected as a member of the Bihar Vidhan Sabha in 1952 from the Tajpur constituency as a candidate of the Socialist Party.
    3. He served as a minister and Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar, before becoming the first non-Congress socialist Chief Minister of Bihar in 1970.
    4. He also enforced total prohibition of alcohol in Bihar.
    5. He served as the President of Samyukta Socialist Party.

    What is Bharat Ratna?

    1) Bharat Ratna is the highest civilian award of India.

    2) The award, initially focused on arts, literature, science, and public services. It was broadened to encompass ‘any field of human endeavor‘ in December 2011.

    3) The provision of Bharat Ratna was introduced in 1954.

    4) The first recipients of the award were scientists Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, C. Rajagopalachari and Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan.

    5) The award has also been given to non-Indians – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Nelson Mandela.

    6) The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of three in a particular year.

    UPSC Syllabus- History and Art & Culture/ Personalities in news

  • Ayodhya Ram Temple – key features

    Source: This post is based on the article “Nagara architecture, 392 pillars, 5 mandaps: Decoding Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir’s key features” published in “Hindustan Times” on 22nd January 2024.

    Why in the news?

    The Ram temple in Ayodhya is inaugurated on January 22.

    What is the style of the temple?

    The temple is built in the nagara style.

    Source: ANI

    What are the features of the Ayodhya Ram temple?

    Architectural Style.Constructed in the traditional Nagara style
    DimensionThe Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir has a length (east-west) of 380 feet, a width of 250 feet, and a height of 161 feet.
    Material used 1.       The main temple structure features Bansi Paharpur Pink Sandstone sourced from Rajasthan’s Bharatpur district.

    2.        Granite stones are utilized in the plinths, providing a durable and resilient foundation for the temple.

    3.        White Makrana marble and colored marble are intricately used for inlay work.

    Boundary wallsA 732-meter-long surrounding wall, influenced by Dravida style temples gives a hybrid characteristic.
    Mandapas There are 5 mandapas Nritya Mandap, Rang Mandap, Sabha Mandap, Prathana Mandap and Kirtan Mandap
    Unique approachThe construction of the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya takes a unique approach by avoiding the use of steel or iron. Instead, the project uses traditional construction methods by giving due attention to the principle of sustainability.
    Other structuresAt the four corners of the compound, there are four Mandirs – dedicated to Surya Dev, Devi Bhagwati, Ganesh Bhagwan and Bhagwan Shiv. In the northern arm is a Mandir of Maa Annapurna and in the southern arm is Mandir of Hanuman ji.

    UPSC SYLLABUS: ART AND CULTURE.

  • Moh-Juj: Traditional bull fight

    Source-This post is based on the article “Assam revives traditional bull fights nine years after SC ban” published in “Hindustan Times” on 16th January 2024.

    Why in the News?

    The Assam Government has recently revived the traditional buffalo fight (Moh-Juj), which had been halted for nine years following the Supreme Court’s ban on Tamil Nadu’s Jallikattu and bullock cart races in Maharashtra.

    What is Moh-Juj?

    Moh-juj Assam
    Source- First India
    AspectDetails
    OriginIt was introduced to Assamese culture by 30th Ahom king Swargadeo Rudra Singha about 200 years ago.
    Features1. It is celebrated as a sport in Ahatguri town during Assam’s Magh Bihu, a key harvest festival in January–February.
    2. The event is part of the cultural celebration of Magh Bihu.

    Note- In addition to Moh-Juj, Swargadeo Rudra Singha also introduced elephant and bird fights, fostering community unity during his era.

    About the wild buffalo (Bubalus arnee)

    1) Habitat: It primarily inhabits alluvial grasslands, marshes, swamps, and river valleys.

    2) Conservation Status:

    a. IUCN Red list: Endangered
    b. Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
    c. CITES: Appendix III

    What is the controversy emerging again regarding Moh-Juj?

    1) People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) India, Animal rights group, has urged the Assam chief minister to promptly halt Moh-Juj fights.

    2) PETA India is citing violations of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (PCA) Act, 1960, and Supreme Court judgments, including Animal Welfare Board of India vs A Nagaraja (2014).

    UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/Environment

  • Parakram Diwas 2024 at Red Fort

    Source-This post is based on the article “Parakram Diwas 2024 Commemoration: Red Fort Unveils History and Cultural Spectacle” published in “PIB” on 21st January 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Prime Minister will inaugurate the Parakram Diwas 2024 event at Red Fort on the evening of January 23. The celebration will be continued till 31st January.

    What is Parakram Diwas?

    Subhash Chandra Bose
    Source- PIB

    1) It is a national event celebrated in India on 23rd January to mark the birth anniversary of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.

    2) It has been celebrated annually since 2021.

    3) The inaugural event occurred at Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.

    What steps has the government taken to commemorate Parakram Diwas?

    YearInitiatives Details
    2022A hologram statue of Netaji was revealed at India Gate.
    20231. The 21 largest unnamed islands in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands were renamed after the 21 Param Vir Chakra awardees.
    2. A model of the National Memorial dedicated to Netaji which supposed to be constructed on Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep was also unveiled.

    What are the key events of Parakram Diwas 2024?

    1) Organised by– The Ministry of Culture, in collaboration with institutions like the Archaeological Survey of India, National School of Drama, Sahitya Akademi, and the National Archives of India.

    2) The event will feature various activities exploring the rich legacy of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and the Azad Hind Fauj.

    3) The Prime Minister will digitally launch ‘Bharat Parv,’ organized by the Ministry of Tourism, featuring Republic Day Tableaux and cultural exhibits to showcase the nation’s diversity.

    4) The iconic Red Fort will be transformed with a projection mapping show by artists from the National School of Drama.

    5) Special recognition will be given to the veterans of the Indian National Army.

    6) This nine-day event will showcase various citizen centric initiatives by 26 Ministries and departments.

    Significance of Red fort:

    a) The Red Fort is pivotal in Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose’s saga and the Azad Hind Fauj.
    b) It houses a museum inaugurated by Prime Minister Modi in 2019 to honor Bose and the INA on Netaji’s birthday.
    c) Colonel Prem Sahgal, Colonel Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, and Colonel Shahnawaz Khan made history in the Red Fort Trials, symbolizing the Azad Hind Fauj’s resolute commitment to India’s freedom.

    Note– The entry for the visitors during the event will be free of cost.

    UPSC Syllabus- Schemes & Programmes/ Art & Culture

  • Temple Architecture of Nagara Style in 2024

    Source: This post is based on the article “What is the Nagara style in which Ayodhya’s Ram temple is built” published in “The Indian Express” on 20th January 2024.

    Why in the news?

    Temple Architecture of Nagara Style, The Ram temple in Ayodhya is going to be inaugurated on January 22.

    What is the Nagara style of temple architecture?

    Originated from the word Nagar meaning town or city. It’s the style of temple in the northern India. This style developed in the 5th century, characterized by a curvilinear or convex shikhara. The shikhara is topped by a larger round cushion-like element called an Amalaka.

    What are the features of Nagara style of temple?

    1. It does not have elaborate boundary walls or gateways.
    2. The entire temple is built on a stone platform with steps leading up to it.
    3. The garbhagriha(sanctum sanctorum) is always located under the tallest tower.Garbhgriha is the place where main deity is placed. It is the most sacred part of the temple.
    4. Shikharas are human-made representations of the natural and cosmological order, as imagined in Hindu tradition. For example; Meru, Mandara, and kailasaa are the three mountain which are believed to be axis of world. Example-Kandariya Mahadev Temple in Khajuraho, M.P.
    5. Amalaka or Kalash installed on Shikhara is one of the features of this temple style.
    6. It also consists of circumambulatory path around the garbhagriha.
    7. Other examples of Nagara style of temples in India are- Sun temple, Konark, Sun temple at Modhera, Gujarat and Ossian temple, Gujarat.

    Temple Architecture of Nagara Style

                                         Image based on EB

    Havell’s The ancient and Medieval Architecture of India.

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    What are the modes of nagara architecture?

    Adam Hardy,who is author of book The Temple Architecture of India (2007) identifies five modes of Nagara temple architecture — Valabhi, Phamsana, Latina, Shekhari, and Bhumija.

    What is the difference between Dravida and Nagara Style of Architecture?

    Area of differenceDravida styleNagara style
    LocationSouthern IndiaNorthern India
    Mandapa towersSingle towerMultiple tower
    Central towersShaped like a pyramidCurvilinear in shape
    BoundariesBoundaries are given great importance.Boundaries are not given great importance.

    UPSC Syllabus: GS paper 1 Art and Culture

  • PM Modi visits Guruvayur Temple

    Source-This post is based on the article “PM Modi visits Guruvayur temple in Kerala” published in “The Hindu” on 17th January 2024.

    Why in the News?

    The Prime Minister recently visited the Sreekrishna Temple in Guruvayur, Kerala to offer prayers.

    About Guruvayur Temple

    Guruvayur temple
    Source- TripAdvisor
    AspectDetails
    About1. It is a Hindu temple, often referred to as the Southern Dwarka.
    2. It is dedicated to Lord Vishnu in the youthful form of Lord Krishna.
    LocationIt is located in the town of Guruvayur in Kerala, India.
    ConstructionThe earliest temple records date back to the 17th century, yet other literary texts and legends suggest that the temple may be approximately 5000 years old.
    Features1. The Chief deity here is Lord Krishna, also known as Guruvayoorappan.
    2. The chief deity is portrayed standing with four hands, grasping Shankh, Sudarshana Chakra, Lotus, and Mace, all carved from a stone known as Patala Anjana.
    3. It follows the traditional Kerala architectural style.
    4. The temple has structures like the Nalambalam (temple structure surrounding the sanctum sanctorum), Balikkal (sacrificial stone), and Deepastambam (pillar of lights).
    5. A prominent feature is the Dwajasthamba, a 70-foot-tall flagstaff completely coated in gold.
    6. In 1931-32, Sathyagraha was initiated by Kelappan (known as Kerala Gandhi) to advocate for the inclusion of untouchables into the temple. It resulted in the Travancore Temple Entry Proclamation of 1936.
    7. The temple is known for housing a significant number of captive male Asian elephants. The nearby Punnathur Kotta elephant sanctuary is home to 56 elephants.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture

  • PM Modi Visit Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi

    PM Modi Visit Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi

    Source-This post is based on the article “PM Modi visits historic temple linked to Ramayana in Lepakshi. Know its significance” published in “India Today” on 17th January 2024.

    Why in the News?

    PM Modi Visit Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi, The Prime Minister recently visited the Veerabhadra temple in Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh. He is completing the 11-day special ritual for the consecration of the idol of Lord Ram at the Ayodhya Ram temple.

    What is the significance of Lepakshi in the Ramayana?

    1) ‘Lepakshi’ in Telugu means ‘Rise, oh bird.’ It is named in honor of Jatayu, the legendary bird that bravely fought Ravan while he was transporting Sita to Lanka on his Pushpaka Vimana after kidnapping her.

    2) According to the Ramayana, Lepakshi is believed to be the place where the wounded Jatayu fell during his fight with Ravan.

    3) The Lepakshi temple is also believed to have preserved footprints of Goddess Sita.

    About Veerabhadra temple, Lepakshi

    Veerabhadra-Temple-Lepakshi
    Source- Wikipedia
    AspectDetails
    AboutIt is a Hindu temple situated in Lepakshi, in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India
    Built by Vijayanagara rulers in 1530 AD
    Features1. The temple is dedicated to the Virabhadra, a fierce incarnation of Lord Shiva.
    2. The primary deity of the main shrine is Lord Shiva, and there are additional shrines dedicated to Ganesha and Durga.
    3. The temple exhibits Vijayanagara-style architecture, adorned with intricate carvings and paintings on nearly every visible surface.
    4. The vibrant fresco paintings showcase intricate details in bright colors, depicting scenes from the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Puranas.
    5. According to the Skanda Purana, the temple is a significant divyakshetra, a pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Shiva.

    What are the latest temple visits of PM Modi?

    1) Recently, PM Modi also visited Kalaram temple in Panchavati, Nashik  (Maharashtra).

    2) It is believed that Lord Ram, Sita and Laxman settled here first during their 14-year exile in the forest of which Panchavati was a part.

    3) The temple, crafted from black basalt stone, features 14 steps representing Lord Ram’s 14 years of exile. The black idols of Lord Ram, Laxman, and Sita, situated within, depict Lord Ram without a bow and arrow, positioned to convey blessings.

    UPSC Syllabus – Art & Culture

  • Adi Shankara

    Source: The article is based on “Who are the shankaracharyas — and who was Adi Shankara?” in “The Indian Express” on 16th January 2024.

    Why in news?

    Recently, the four Shankaracharyas have announced their decision not to participate in the inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22.

    Who is Shankaracharya?

    1) Shankaracharya means ‘teacher of the way of Shankara’.

    2) According to tradition, they are religious teachers who belong to a line of teachers going back all the way to Adi Shankara himself.

    3) It is a religious title used by the heads of the four cardinal mathas or peeths. 

    4) The four Hindu mathas (monasteries) in India are:

      • Dwarka in Gujarat (West)
      • Joshimath in Uttarakhand (North)
      • Puri in Odisha (East)
      • Sringeri in Karnataka (South)

    5) Mathas founded by: Adi Shankara (c 788 CE-820 CE).

    6) Presently, these mathas are intricate organizations encompassing religious shrines, temples, libraries, and residences. They are dedicated to preserving and advancing Shankara’s tradition.

    Who was Adi Shankara?

    1) Born: Kalady village on the bank of the River Periyar (Today Kerala’s Ernakulam district)

    2) As per Shankara’s hagiographies, he was an extraordinary scholar-monk who was trained by Govindacharya.

    3) Later he travelled extensively, visiting key spiritual centres, challenging established intellectual traditions, and establishing mathas and monastic organisations.

    4) Travel history: Shankara is said to have travelled across India, from Kanchi in Tamil Nadu to Kamrup in Assam, and from the Himalayan temples of Kedar and Badri to Kashi on the Ganges’ banks and Puri on the Bay of Bengal to disseminate Advaita Vedanta teachings.

    5) Writing: 116 works, comments on the 10 Upanishads, the Brahmasutra, and the Bhagavad Gita. However, the authorship of several of Shankara’s writings is still debated.

    What is Advaita Vedanta?

    1) It is a school of Hindu philosophy and spiritual discipline.

    2) Core of Advaita Vedanta: Emphasis on the unity between atman, or individual consciousness, and brahman, the ultimate reality

    3) Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta expresses a radical nondualistic ontological stance, asserting that everything we perceive is essentially illusory (maya).

    • According to this philosophy, the sole true reality is the principle of brahman (distinct from the caste Brahmin), transcending empirical diversity.

    4) Shanaka’s contribution: Shankara’s writings represented the first thorough exposition of this intellectual tradition.

    • He attempted to express nonduality using systematic metaphysical, linguistic, and epistemological ideas.
    • His thought and practices include a teaching tradition which aims at bringing to a direct, liberating awareness of non-duality, also known as liberation or freedom (moksha).

    What is the legacy of Shankara?

    1) Shankara’s influence extends beyond his contributions to metaphysics and theology.

    2) His extended journeys are regarded as a quasi-nationalistic endeavour, in which faith, philosophy, and geography come together to imagine a Hindu India that transcends the political bounds of the era.

    3) He established four cardinal mathas which are regarded as great examples of this vision.

    4) These mathas are also regarded as the guardians of Hindu faith and customs.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • India’s oldest living city found in Vadnagar, Gujrat

    Source-This post is based on the article “India’s oldest living city found in PM Modi’s native village Vadnagar: multi-institution study” published in “The Hindu” on 13th January 2024.

    Why in the News?

    Recently an archaeological excavation at Gujarat’s Vadnagar has discovered evidence of human settlement dating back to 1,400 BCE.

    What are the findings of the excavation?

    Vadnagar Excavation
    Source- The Hindu

    1) The excavation has revealed characteristic archaeological artefacts, potteries, copper, gold, silver and iron objects and intricately designed bangles.

    2) One of the oldest Buddhist monasteries also has been discovered.

    3) The study suggests that climate-induced changes, such as rainfall or droughts, played a key role in the rise and fall of various kingdoms over 3,000 years and recurring invasions of India by Central Asian warriors.

    4) Radiocarbon dates reveal the successive rulers of Vadnagar:

    a. Indo-Greeks (until 100 CE)
    b. Indo-Scythian or Shakas, known as Kshatrapa kings (until 400 CE)
    c. Maitrakas (Gupta kingdom), Rashtrakuta-Pratihara-Chawada kings (until 930 CE)
    d. Solanki kings (Chalukya rule until 1,300 CE)
    e. Sultanate-Mughals (1680 CE)
    f. Gaekwad/British

    What is the Significance of the study?

    1) This discovery is crucial as it fills a gap in Indian archaeological history between 1,500 BCE and 500 BCE, revealing a continuity in human settlement in India spanning over 5,500 years.

    2) No advanced city-like settlement was recorded before 500 BCE.

    3) The team suggests the settlement might date back to 1,400 BCE, aligning with the late phase of the post-urban Harappan period. If accurate, it challenges the notion of a Dark Age, indicating a cultural continuity in India for the past 5,500 years.

    Dark Age- The time frame from the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization around 4,000 years ago (early 2nd millennium BCE) until the rise of the Iron Age and Mahajanapada cities like Gandhar, Koshal, and Avanti (6th-5th century BCE).

    About Excavation

    1) Conducted by- A joint team of scientists from IIT Kharagpur, Archaeological Survey of India, Physical Research Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru University, and Deccan College.

    2) Funded by- Infosys Foundation and the Gujarat government’s Directorate of Archaeology & Museums, responsible for developing India’s inaugural experiential digital museum in Vadnagar.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture

  • How are the tableaux are selected for Republic day?

    Source: This post is based on the article “Selection of tableaux for the Republic Day parade” published in “The Hindu” on 6th January 2024.

    Why in news?

    Recently, the Defence Ministry proposed a new three-year rotation plan for the Republic Day parade tableau selection.

    Theme of Republic Day 2024 parade: ‘Viksit Bharat’ (Developed India) and ‘Bharat-Loktantra ki Matruka’ (India-Mother of Democracy).

    How are the tableaux selected?

    1) The selection process of tableaux for the Republic Day parade is carried out by the Ministry of Defence.

    2) Expert committee (appointed by MoD) of prominent people from art, culture, painting, sculpture, music, architecture, choreography do the shortlisting of the tableaux.

    2) They hold six to seven rounds of meetings to examine the proposals before shortlisting and making the ultimate decision.

    3) Firstly, the submitted sketches or designs of the proposals are scrutinised by this committee. Committee can make suggestions for any modifications in the sketch or design.

    4) In the next stage, three-dimensional models of their proposals are again examined by the expert committee for final selection.

    5) The final selection is dependent upon a combination of factors such as visual appeal, impact on the masses, idea or theme of the tableaux, degree of detail, accompanying music, and use of local resources.

    What are the guidelines for tableau models and performers?

    1) Writing or use of logos on tableaux is not allowed except the name of states or Union Territories that are presenting it.

    2) The names of the states should be written in Hindi in the front, in English on the back and in regional language on the sides of the tableau.

    3) The number of performers on the trailer will not be more than 10 persons and artists performing on or along the tableau should be from the concerned state/UT only.

    UPSC Syllabus: Art and culture

  • 10th century Kadamba Inscription found in Goa

    Source– This post is based on the article “10th century Kadamba inscription written in Kannada and Sanskrit found in Goa” published in “The Hindu” on 4th January 2024.

    Why in news?

    A 10th century A.D. Kadamba inscription written in Kannada and Sanskrit has been found in Goa.

    What are the Findings?

    Kadamba Inscription

    1) The Kadamba Inscription has been found in the Mahadeva temple at Cacoda in southern Goa.

    2) The epigraph is engraved in Kannada and Nagari characters of the 10th century AD.

    3) The record is composed as a vocal statement on the death of his son from the mouth of a grieving father. It records that when Talara Nevayya was administering the mandala, his son Gundayya having taken a vow to fulfil his father’s desire of capturing a gopura of the port of Goa, fought and died after fulfilling his father’s wish.

    4) It is in the literary style of the Talangre inscription of Jayasimha I of the same period.

    An inscription written in Kannada and Sanskrit was found in the Mahadeva temple at Cacoda in southern Goa.  Who were the Kadambas of Goa?

    1) The Kadambas of Goa served as subordinates to the Chalukyas of Kalyana.

    2) They ruled Goa from the 10th to the 14th century CE.

    3) Chandor, formerly known as Chandrapur, was the capital of this Kadamba dynasty, and also an important port.

    4) Emperor Tailapa II of the Chalukyan dynasty appointed Kadamba Shasthadeva as Mahamandaleshwara of Goa in recognition of his assistance in dethroning the Rashtrakutas.

    5) In 960 AD, Kadamba Shasthadeva successfully captured the city of Chandavara from the Shilaharas.

    6) Subsequently, he conquered the port of Gopakapattana, known as present-day Goa.

    UPSC Syllabus: Ancient history/Art and culture

  • Savitribai Phule

    Source: This post has been created based on the article “Savitribai Phule Jayanti 2024: Celebrating India’s first woman teacher ”published in “Business Standard” on 3rd January 2024.

    Why in news?

    January 3, 2024, marks the 193rd birth anniversary of Savitribai Phule.

    Who is Savitribai Phule?

    Savitribai Phule

    1) Savitribai Phule, a Dalit woman from the Mali community, was born on January 3, 1831, in the village of Naigaon in Maharashtra.

    2) She was married to Jyotirao Phule (a social reformer) at a young age and he provided her education at home.

    What are the Contributions of Savitribai Phule?

    I. Education:

    1) Savitribai, alongwith her husband Jyotirao Phule, pioneered India’s earliest girls’ school  in Bhidewada, Pune, in 1848, shattering patriarchal barriers.

    2) She became India’s first woman teacher and first Indian headmistress. 

    3) The couple opened more such schools for girls, Shudras, and Ati-Shudras (the backward castes and Dalits, respectively) in Pune.

    4) Pune University bears the name of Savitribai Phule, serving as a tribute to this formidable woman who passionately advocated for women’s education in India.

    II. Social Reform and Activism:

    1) Along with Jyotirao, Savitribai started the Balhatya Pratibandhak Griha (‘Home for the Prevention of Infanticide’) as a care centre for children who were victims of rape, sati and those who escaped female infanticide.

    2) Savitribai Phule also advocated inter-caste marriages, widow remarriage, and eradication of child marriage, sati and dowry systems, among other social issues.

    3) In 1873, the Phules established the Satyashodhak Samaj, which translates to the ‘Truth-seekers’ Society.’ This platform welcomed individuals regardless of their caste, religion, or class hierarchies, with the primary goal of promoting social equity.

    4) They also introduced the ‘Satyashodhak Marriage,’ which rejected Brahmanical rituals. In this ceremony, the marrying couple pledged to advocate for education and equality.

    5) Savitribai became involved in relief work during the 1896 famine in Maharashtra and the 1897 Bubonic plague. 

    III. Literary work:

    1) Savitribai Phule published her first collection of poems, called Kavya Phule (‘Poetry’s Blossoms’) in 1854.

    2) She also wrote the famous poem ‘Go Get Education’ to encourage the oppressed and backward classes to obtain an education.

    Savitribai Phule’s life concluded on March 10, 1897, as she succumbed to an illness while endeavoring to protect a sick 10-year-old boy.

  • Maharishi Valmiki International Airport

    Source- This post is based on the article “PM inaugurates Maharishi Valmiki International Airport at Ayodhya Dham” Published in “PIB” on 30th December 2023.

    Why in the News?

    Recently the Prime Minister inaugurated the Maharishi Valmiki International Airport in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh.

    What are the Key features of the airport?

    Maharishi Valmiki Airport, Ayodhya Source: Livemint

    1) The airport is dedicated and named after Maharishi Valmiki, a revered sage credited as the author of the oldest version of the Ramayana.

    2) The interiors of the terminal Building are decorated with local art, paintings & murals depicting the life of Bhagwan Shri Ram.

    3) The terminal building of Ayodhya Airport is also equipped with various sustainability features like an insulated roofing system, LED lighting, rainwater harvesting, landscaping with fountains,

    4) It also includes a water treatment plant, a sewage treatment plant, solar power plant to meet the five-star GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) ratings.

    Who is Maharishi Valmiki?

    1) Valmiki is referred to as Adi Kavi, which translates to the “first/original poet” in Sanskrit.

    2) He is credited with composing the Ramayana, one of the earliest and most revered epic poems in the Sanskrit literary tradition.

    3) Valmiki’s Ramayana is composed of 24,000 verses and is divided into 7 kandas (books), each telling a different part of Lord Ram’s story. Valmiki himself makes an appearance in the Bala and Uttara Kandas.

    4) Valmiki Jayanti, also known as Pargat Diwas, is celebrated annually to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maharishi Valmiki. It is celebrated on the full moon day of the Hindu month of Ashvin (September-October).

    UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture/ Infrastructure (Indian economy)

  • 11th century Jain sculptures discovered in Mysuru district

    Source– This post is based on the article “11th century Jain sculptures discovered in Varuna” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.

    Why in the News?

    Three 11th-century Jain sculptures were recently discovered in Varuna village of Mysuru district, during drainage work. While

    What are the Key Findings?

    1) Of the three sculptures, one has suffered severe damage and is beyond recognition,. However, the other two were in relatively good condition.

    2) One of the sculptures portrays a Jain Tirthankara, but it is difficult to ascertain exact identity in the absence of any symbols.

    3) These sculptures have been shifted to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) museum at the Indira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalay in Madhya Pradesh.

    Who is a Jain Tirthankara?

    Jain 24 Tirthankaras
    Source- Wikipedia

    1) In Jainism, a Tirthankara is a spiritual teacher and savior of the righteous path (dharma).

    2) According to Jains, Tirthankaras are supreme preachers of dharma. Having conquered the cycle of death and rebirth (samsara) themselves, they pave the way for others to follow.

    3) Upon realizing the true nature of the self or soul, the Tirthankara achieves kevala jnana (omniscience).

    4) The Jain tradition recognizes 24 Tirthankaras who contributed towards the development of the Jain religion.

    5) The first Tirthankara is Rishabhanatha and the 24th and last tirthankara is Lord Mahavira.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture

  • Divya Kala Mela 2023

    Source– This post is based on the article “12th DIVYA KALA MELA-2023 to be inaugurated today in Surat, Gujarat” published in “PIB” on 29th December 2023.

    Why in the News?

    Government is organising the 12th ‘Divya Kala Mela’ from 29th December 2023 – 7th January 2024 in Surat, Gujrat. So far 11 Divya kala melas have been organised starting from 2022 in Delhi.

    What is Divya Kala Mela?

    AspectDetails
    What is it?It is a unique event showcasing the products and craftsmanship of Divyang entrepreneurs and artisans from across the country.
    Nodal Ministry Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerement (MoSJ&E)
    Organised byDepartment of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities (Divyangjan) {DEPwD), MoSJ&E, GoI through National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC)
    Aims 1) Strengthen economic empowerment of PwD/Divyangjan.
    2) Provide a bigger platform for marketing and showcasing the products and skills of Divyangjan (PwD)
    Product CategoryHome Décor & Lifestyle, Clothing, Stationery and eco-friendly products, packaged food and organic products, Toys & Gifts, Personal Accessories – Jewellery, Clutch Bags.
    SignificanceIt provides a chance for everyone to support local products, particularly those crafted by determined individuals with disabilities.

    What is National Divyangjan Finance and Development Corporation (NDFDC)?

    1) NDFDC is a Company wholly owned by Government of India, under the DEPwD of MoSJ&E.

    2) It functions as an apex institution for the benefit of Persons with Disabilities.

    3) Financial assistance is extended by the Corporation at concessional interest rate for starting/ augmenting any activity contributing directly or indirectly in the income generation of Persons with Disabilities, thus helping them in their overall process of empowerment.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art and Culture

  • Indian Navy unveils new epaulettes for admirals

    Source- This post is based on the article “Navy unveils new Admirals’ epaulettes in ‘true reflection of Indian rich maritime heritage‘” published in “The Hindu” on 29th December 2023.

    Why in the News?

    The new design of epaulettes for admirals has been unveiled by the Navy, following Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s announcement during the Navy Day celebrations in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra.

    What new changes have been made in the design?

    Indian Navy new epaulettes for admirals
    Source- The Hindu

    1) The newly designed epaulettes features a golden Navy button at the top, followed by an octagon, a crossed Indian sword and telescope, and stars denoting the ranks.

    2) The octagon in the new design has been drawn from the naval ensign and inspired by rajmudra of Chhatrapati Shivaji.

    What is the Significance of the New Design?

    Adopting the new design reaffirms their commitment to the two pillars of Panch Pran (Five Resolves) given by PM Narendra Modi during the 76th Independence Day-

    1) Take Pride in our Roots

    2) Remove any Trace of Colonial Mindset.

    Note- The Navy is also set to rename some of the ranks now in British nomenclature to reflect an Indian connection.

    What is the New Naval Ensign of Indian Navy?

    Click Here to read

    How has the Indian Navy acknowledged the naval power of the Marathas, under Shivaji?

    Click Here to read

    UPSC Syllabus- Miscellaneous (Defence)/Art & Culture

  • Veer Bal Diwas

    Source– This post is based on the article “Veer Bal Diwas: Recalling the ‘supreme sacrifice’ of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons” published in “The Indian Express” on 26th December 2023.

    Why in the News?

    Veer Bal Diwas is observed on December 26 to honor the martyrdom of Guru Gobind Singh’s youngest sons Sahibzada Baba Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Baba Fateh Singh Ji. They were only 7 and 9 years old, respectively, at the time of their deaths.

    How were the Sons of Guru Gobind Singh Martyred?

    1) During the Battle of Chamkaur (1704) fought between the Sikhs and Mughals, Guru Gobind Singh’s youngest sons, Sahibzada Baba Zorawar Singh Ji and Sahibzada Baba Fateh Singh Ji were captured by the Mughals. 

    2) Refusing to convert or to bow to Wazir Khan, the two were sentenced to death and were soon martyred by execution.

    3) The Guru’s mother Mata Gujari and his two elder sons, Sahibzaada Ajit Singh (18) and Sahibzaada Jujhar Singh (14), were also killed within a week.

    4) A few years later Baba Banda Singh Bahadur avenged the execution of the Sahibzade, by attacking, capturing Sirhind and executing Wazir Khan.

    UPSC Syllabus- Art & Culture

  • Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing revived

    Source– This post is based on the article “Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing revived to show another side of life before eruption” published in “The Hindu” on 21st December 2023.

    Why in the News?

    A new project within the Pompeii archaeological site is showcasing ancient textile dyeing techniques. This will reveal a different aspect of daily life before the city’s destruction by a volcano in A.D. 79.

    What is Pompeii Archeological site?

    Pompeii archeological site
    Source- Pompeii tours

    1) Pompeii is an ancient Roman city near Naples, Italy, buried under volcanic ash in the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79.

    2) The site was preserved remarkably well, providing valuable insights into daily life in the Roman Empire.

    3) Excavations have revealed structures, artifacts, and even human remains, frozen in time by the volcanic eruption

    4) It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a popular destination for tourists and researchers interested in ancient Roman history and archaeology.

    What is the Project on the Pompeii’s ancient art of textile dyeing?

    Pompeii ancient art
    Source- The Hindu

    1) The project aims to highlight the ancient art of textile dyeing in Pompeii that involved preparing dyes from plants.

    2) With the Pompeiian color palette, scarves will be dyed with motifs taken from the House of Vetti frescoes. The profits from the sale of these scarves will be used for further restoration of the city.
    Note– Frescoes are artistic creations painted on wet plaster, commonly located on walls or ceilings. They are renowned for their vibrant colors and lasting durability

    UPSC Syllabus -Art & Culture/Places in News

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