List of Contents
- Ceasefire between India and Pakistan: Prospects of strengthening bilateral relations
- Issue of ceasefire violation between India and Pakistan – Explained Pointwise
- India and Pakistan agrees to observe “2003 Ceasefire agreement”
- Why India-China Border disputes are unresolved?
- Sri Lanka looking for Indian Support ahead “46th Session of UNHRC”
- PM suggested “Special Visa Scheme” for medical staff in South Asia
- Evaluating India- China Disengagement agreement on Pongong Tso
- Need for a balanced approach on ‘Bilateral Investment Treaty’ for India
- ‘Disengagement activities’ for reducing Sino-India tensions
- Disengagement agreement at Pangong Tso Lake – Explained
- Reasons behind India-China disengagement agreement along LAC
- Disengagement agreement in Pangong Tso region
- India, Afghanistan agreement to build “Shahtoot Dam” in Kabul
- Why China should be seen as a partner by India?
- India’s strategy for Myanmar
- Sri Lanka settles “Currency Swap Facility” with India
- Chinese energy projects near Tamil Nadu cleared by Sri Lanka
- Sri Lanka has pushed India and Japan out from the Colombo Terminal Project
- Lessons from the past for way forward in Myanmar
- Sri Lanka Writes Off Strategic Colombo Port Deal With India & Japan
- India- Myanmar relations after Coup
- Coup in Myanmar and India-Myanmar bilateral relations – Explained
- India-Sri Lanka Maritime dispute – Explained
- MEA’s Eight broad principles to resolve conflict with China
- Naku La Pass in Sikkim
- Reasons of increasing Palk Bay fishing conflict
- Taiwan-China conflict and India’s stand on it
- Vaccine Diplomacy | Myanmar, Mauritius and Seychelles receive Covishield
- Vaccine diplomacy
- Why Chinese forces are weakening?
- New transition in India-Nepal relations
- Vaccine Maitri: India Vaccine diplomacy exercise
- Kalapani territorial dispute between India and Nepal resurfaced
- New opportunities for India in Afghanistan
- Importance of Reviving SAARC
- Diplomatic practices
- India’s counter-coercive strategy against China
- Approach of India and China on Nepal’s political crisis
- India and its Neighbourhood-Relations
- India and its Neighbourhood-Relations:-
- India sends flood support to Vietnam under Mission Sagar III
- India – Nepal relations- Present challenges and solutions
- Reasons behind Nepal’s political crisis and India’s stance
- India and Bangladesh
- India and Bangladesh PM jointly inaugurates Chilahati-Haldibari rail link
- India’s digital strike
- India-Maldives bilateral relations
- China occupied Kashmir
- Forgotten fact of China Occupied Kashmir
India and Neighborhood
Ceasefire between India and Pakistan: Prospects of strengthening bilateral relations
Synopsis: India and Pakistan have agreed to ceasefire along the Line of Control. But the further strengthening of relations will depend upon the security improvement in the region.
Background
- Recently, India and Pakistan agreed to a “strict observance” of all agreements and cease-fire along the Line of Control. This statement was delivered by Director Generals of Military Operations of India and Pakistan.
- It has become possible due to a strong leadership in India that In South Asia there is a chance of building “security community”.
- A security community is defined as a region where countries have agreed not to use violence to settle their conflicts.
Why this agreement is important?
- This development is an important confidence-building measure. It is very important because the number of reported violations of the cease-fire across the LoC increased dramatically in the last year.
- Due to firing impacts collateral damage takes place on the both sides. The most vulnerable sections is the one, living close to the LoC and other sectors.
- They will be the immediate beneficiaries if the statement is implemented in letter and spirit.
Now there is a hope that this move will be the first step towards a gradual normalisation of diplomatic relations. Relations deteriorated since the abrogation of Article 370 in August 2019.
What are the positive signals for good bilateral relations of India and Pakistan?
- Pakistan’s leadership and its army has now start to understand the futility of a confrontationist course with India.
- Also, it is in interest of India to strengthen this understanding of India by offering incentives to Pakistan that include the promise of a robust engagement.
- India has also proved that its Neighbourhood First slogan is not an empty one. Under vaccine maitri initiative, India is providing free vaccine to its neighbours.
- There is a possibility of signing Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement with Bangladesh
- If bilateral relations improve, we would witness a SAARC summit in Islamabad with participation of India in it.
What are the challenges?
- However, strengthening connectivity and collaboration between India and Pakistan totally depends upon the security commitments.
- The big question now is, If Pakistan would avoid any interference in the Jammu and Kashmir. It would be the test of Pakistan’s strategic commitment to rebuilding bilateral relations.
Issue of ceasefire violation between India and Pakistan – Explained Pointwise
Issue of ceasefire violation between India and Pakistan – Explained Pointwise
Recently India and Pakistan issued a joint statement to strictly observe all the agreements on a ceasefire along the LoC and other sectors. The joint statement aims to address each other’s core differences and concerns in the border areas. But controlling the ceasefire violations is not an easy task to achieve considering past issues and challenges.
What are the recent developments?
According to the report submitted in Parliament in 2020 alone, there were 5133 instances of Ceasefire Violations. Apart from that, there were also 46 fatalities in 2020. The number of ceasefire violations increased gradually every year that resulted in the loss of life and resources on both sides. This can be understood better by the image given below.
Source: The Indian Express
So, both the countries were forced to solve and restrict the ceasefire violations. Accordingly, the Director Generals of Military Operations (DGMOs) of both India and Pakistan held talks to establish peace in the region. As a result of that, both the countries recently issued a joint statement.
In the statement, they agreed to observe all the ceasefire agreements along the LoC and all other sectors from midnight of February 24/25.
How India Pakistan Border is demarcated and guarded?
India and Pakistan share 3323 km of Borders. The border runs through 4 states of India (Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat). Similarly, the border runs through 3 states of Pakistan. The entire border is divided into three parts.
- International Border (IB): The IB stretches for approximately 2,400 km from Gujarat to the north banks of Chenab (in Akhnoor in Jammu). IB is generally recognised by both the countries without much dispute. This Line was drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the partition. This section is running across Punjab, Rajasthan, and Gujarat States and guarded by the Border Security Force (BSF) of India.
- Few sections of IB (201 km) where the line connects with Jammu and Kashmir are called Working Boundary (WB) by Pakistan. This WB has Pakistani Punjab on the other side. Pakistan calls this a Working Boundary because this boundary is subjected to one-way dispute (Pakistani Punjab is recognised by India).
- Line of Control (LoC): It is a 740 km long boundary line. It is a De facto boundary between the Pakistan Occupied Kashmir and the Indian side of Kashmir. The LOC runs from parts of Jammu to NJ 9842 in the Siachin glacier. This is an imaginary line that came into existence after the 1948 Pakistan aggression. At present, it is governed by the 1972 Shimla agreement.
- Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL): It is the 110 km long line that divides the current position of disputed regions in Siachin Glacier. It extends from Point NJ 9842 to Indiracol.
Except for IB, all the remaining regions (IB, LoC, AGPL) are guarded by the Indian Army.
Ceasefire agreements between India and Pakistan:
There are several agreements signed between India and Pakistan to resolve the border dispute. They are,
- Karachi Agreement 1949
- This agreement was signed after the India Pakistan war of 1947 and supervised by the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan.
- The agreement established a Ceasefire line along the disputed regions of Kashmir.
- The ceasefire line are monitored by United Nations observers from United Nations.
- Both the countries agreed to establish a buffer zone of 500 yards on both sides of the Ceasefire line.
- Shimla Agreement 1972
- This agreement was signed after the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971.
- Under this agreement both the countries agreed to resolve the disputes bilaterally.
- The agreement converted the ceasefire line into a Line of Control (LoC).
(Thereby, the role of the United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan to monitor the ceasefire line lost its relevance. But Pakistan still disputes that.) - There is no mention of the buffer zone in this agreement.
- Ceasefire Agreement 2003
- This agreement came after four years of Kargil and two years after the Indian Parliament got attacked.
- Pakistan PM announced the Ceasefire on LoC on November 26, 2003. Later the IB was also included in the ceasefire. So, it is not a formalised document. But it has certain important points such as,
- Creating a buffer Zone within 500 yards of LoC and 150 yards of IB.
- Proper fencing on LoC can be done by countries.
- No firing will be done by both the countries on LoC.
- Both countries cannot indulge in altering the ceasefire unilaterally irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations of the agreement.
Why there are ceasefire violations?
A study conducted by the US Institute of Peace mentions the Ceasefire line as “A Line on Fire”. The Institute further held the reasons for ceasefire violation on India Pakistan border by both sides of the army. They are,
- The factor of testing the new boys: It is an attempt on one side to assess the new battalions posted on the other side. For example, after a new BSF battalion posted in a region of Jammu and Kashmir, the study observed 45 days of consecutive ceasefire violation by the Pakistani troops.
- To show the potential of new boys: In few instances, the new battalion indulges in ceasefire violation to prove to the opposite side that they have better-fighting capability.
- The emotional state of soldiers: The ceasefire violations occur whenever there is happiness or a sad state of the emotional capacity of soldiers. For example, ceasefire violations increased after a defeat of the Pakistani cricket team by the Indian cricket team. Similarly, it got increased after India successfully conducted a missile test.
- Defense constructions: Ceasefire violations also occurred due to the defense constructions in border areas.
- No proper definition of LoC: As the Shimla Agreement, Karachi Agreement not defined the LoC properly, and the 2003 agreement is not yet finalised there is an ambiguity in the demarcated areas. That triggers the Ceasefire in the majority of the cases.
Potential of Ceasefire violations:
Ceasefire violations have the potential to alter fundamental political dispute between both countries. The reasons are,
- Ceasefire violations can alter political and diplomatic ties. Many ceasefire violations on the border can change the stand of both the governments.
- They can escalate any ongoing crisis. This is feasible especially when the ceasefire violation occurs in the aftermath of terror incidents.
- They can aid the infiltration by terrorists. The ceasefire has a positive correlation with the number of terrorists entering India.
So by reducing the ceasefire violations one can expect a reduced terror attack, increased bilateral relations etc.
Suggestions to control the ceasefire violations:
- The best solution for both countries is to Formalize the 2003 agreement. This will not only reduce the violations but also create stability in border areas.
- Until formalizing the ceasefire agreement both countries can agree to standard operating procedures (SOPs). The SOPs must include the provisions such as,
- Frequent communications between both sides of security forces to intimate their activities.
- Managing the night movement of both the armies smoothly.
- Restricting and intimating the accidental firings.
- Knowledge sharing between both the countries on inadvertent crosses (unidentified passes on both sides).
The recent step taken by both the countries to respect all the agreements is a welcome move. But Pakistan has to prove their credential on the ground. If Pakistan does that then the recent move has the potential to turn the current bilateral relations between both the countries.
India and Pakistan agrees to observe “2003 Ceasefire agreement”
What is the news?
India and Pakistan have issued a joint statement to strictly observe the 2003 Ceasefire agreement along the Line of Control(LoC).
About India-Pakistan 2003 Ceasefire agreement:
- The 2003 ceasefire was a landmark agreement between India and Pakistan.
- The agreement came soon after both the countries had almost gone to war following the 2001 terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament.
- The 2003 ceasefire agreement resulted in 3 years of peace till 2006 on the border.
- The ceasefire facilitated the opening of the routes between India and Pakistan. It paved the way for bus and truck services linking Kashmir regions for the first time in six decades. Moreover, it encouraged cross-LoC contacts, exchanges, travel, and trade.
- The ceasefire also enabled India to complete the construction of a fence near the LoC. This project began a couple of decades earlier but had to suspend due to Pakistan’s artillery fire.
Source: The Hindu
Why India-China Border disputes are unresolved?
Synopsis: India and China signed several bilateral agreements for border disputes resolution. However, it has not been to ensure permanent peace at the border.
Background
- The year 2020 witnessed increased India – China border tensions in the Ladakh region, especially the Galwan valley. The incident involved an armed conflict in which soldiers from both sides died.
- It happened despite signing numerous agreements in the past for settling border disputes.
Efforts of bilateral issues resolution between India and China
The agreements were aimed at restoring peace and promoting confidence-building measures (CBMs).
Year | Agreement/ Protocol |
1993 | Agreement on the Maintenance of Peace and Tranquillity along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the India-China Border Areas |
1996 | Agreement on Confidence-Building Measures in the Military Field Along the LAC |
2005 | Protocol for the Implementation of Confidence Building Measures in the Military Field Along the LAC |
2012 | Agreement on the Establishment of a Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs |
2013 | Agreement on Border Defence Cooperation |
- Key Features of the agreements:
- Refrain from use of force against each other
- Peaceful settlement of disputes should be undertaken
- Mutual ascertainment of LAC and deployment of minimum armed personnel around it.
- Prior notification should be given for conducting military exercises and flying combat aircraft within 10 km of LAC
- Practising self-restraint in case of face to face military contacts
- Stipulating the channels that should be used for communication and border personnel meetings in case of emergencies.
- The agreements between India and China were inspired by the success of Russia – China engagements.
How China- Russia resolved bilateral disputes?
- The relations between China and Russia marked by military confrontation along the border in the 1960s. However, the disputes were duly tackled by new leaders like Mikhail Gorbachev. He promoted CBMs (confidence-building measures) for dispute resolution.
- Both countries developed a strategic partnership based on equality and mutual trust.
- In 1990, an Agreement on the Guidelines of Mutual Reduction of Forces and Confidence-building in the Military Field along the border was signed.
- In May 1991, an Agreement on the Eastern Sector of National Boundaries was concluded by the two countries. This resolved 98% of outstanding boundary issues.
What were the reasons for the success of the China-Russia agreements?
- Unilateral concessions were made by the bigger power (Russia).
- The collapse of the Soviet Union brought the two countries closer against the common enemy (US).
- They identified common interests that helped them build broad and institutionalized relationships.
Why are border disputes still persistent between India and China, despite agreements?
- First, As per China, Tibet never had the sovereign rights to conclude agreements. Therefore, recognition of the McMahon line (Line of actual control) by India based on Tibet’s past agreement undermined China’s sovereignty.
- Second, China’s approach of following a forward policy in the western region often leads to clashes along the border. The recent one is the Galwan valley clash of 2020.
- Third, being the bigger power, China has never shown its will for unilateral and asymmetric concessions.
- Fourth, the agreements signed between the countries were not nurtured in an environment of equality and mutual trust.
- Fifth, the countries have failed to publish a joint declaration on LAC. This is necessary for promoting CBMs between the countries.
Way Forward:
- China needs to change its traditional stance of assertiveness along the border which would help in better implementation of bilateral agreements.
- Further interaction in other spheres like trade and commerce should be carried out despite border tensions as done by both countries till now.
Read Also:-
Sri Lanka looking for Indian Support ahead “46th Session of UNHRC”
What is the News?
46th session of the UNHRC (United Nations Human Rights Council) will start next week. Sri Lanka has officially sought India’s support for its nation’s rights and accountability record.
About past UNHRC resolution
- In 2015, UNHRC had adopted a resolution on accountability for the alleged human rights violations during the Sri Lankan civil war.
- The resolution was adopted against the accusation of killing at least 40,000 ethnic Tamil civilians by the Sri Lankan army. This 37-year guerrilla war ended in May 2009.
- The resolution had called upon Sri Lanka to establish a credible judicial process. This process requires the participation of the Commonwealth and other foreign judges, defence lawyers and authorised prosecutors and investigators to look into the alleged rights abuses.
- However, the current Sri Lankan government has officially withdrawn from the resolution.
Present Status:
- During the 46th UNHRC session in Geneva, Sri Lanka’s record in human rights and related accountability will be probed.
- It is expected that a tougher resolution will be passed. This resolution may call for action against Sri Lanka.
United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC)
- The UNHRC is a United Nations body established in 2006. It replaced the former United Nations Commission on Human Rights.
- Aim: To promote and protect human rights around the globe. Apart from that, the UNHRC also investigates alleged human rights violations in countries.
- Members: The council has 47 members elected for a 3-year term.
- Meeting: The members meet around three times a year to debate human rights issues.
- Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland.
- Resolutions: The UNHRC resolutions are not legally binding but carry moral significance.
Click Here to Read more about UNHRC
Source: The Hindu
PM suggested “Special Visa Scheme” for medical staff in South Asia
What is the News?
During an address to 9 neighboring countries, PM suggested Special Visa Scheme. The address was part of a workshop on “COVID-19 management: exchange of good practices in tackling pandemic and the way forward”.
Participation: The countries that participated in the workshop include: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka.
Key Takeaways from the address:
- Special Visa Scheme: PM suggested considering a special visa scheme for doctors and nurses. It will help them to travel quickly within the region during health emergencies at the request of the receiving country.
- Regional Air Ambulance: The Civil Aviation Ministries from the neighboring countries can coordinate a regional Air Ambulance agreement for medical contingencies.
- Data on COVID-19 vaccines: The countries could come together to create a regional platform for collating, compiling, and studying data about the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines among our populations.
Source: The Hindu
Evaluating India- China Disengagement agreement on Pongong Tso
Synopsis: India-China disengagement process on the border is ongoing. There is a need for the cost-benefit analysis of this disengagement process.
Background:
- Recently, both India and China have announced the start of disengagement between the two armies in Ladakh.
- The current disengagement is limited to two places on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh:
- One, the north bank of Pangong lake
- Two, Kailash range to the south of Pangong.
- However, the disengagement in other regions is yet to be taken. The other three sites of contention on the Ladakh border are Depsang, Gogra-Hot Springs, and Demchok.
Why the disengagement from the north bank of Pangong lake prioritized?
- First, nearly a quarter of all the Chinese transgressions on the LAC between 2014 and 2019 have taken place on the north bank of Pangong lake.
- Second, the north bank of Pan gong lake is a famous tourist spot. For example, the Hindi film 3 idiots were shot here.
- Third, the decision seems to be a political priority. There are habitations close to the north bank and any Chinese ingression can be easily sighted from here. Any report of Chinese encroachment will bring embarrassment to the center.
Is the disengagement from the Kailash range a good move?
- Kailash range was the only place where the Indian military had leverage against the Chinese army. The Chinese army was insisting on disengagement from this area first.
- Initially, India was pushing for a simultaneous resolution of all the flashpoints on the Ladakh border. However, It did not happen.
- Disengagement seems to be the right step. However, giving away the only leverage (Kailash range) that India had, along the LAC, needs to be debated.
What is the significance of Depsang plains?
Depsang plains situated in the Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) sector. It is a strategically important place for India because of the following reasons;
- One, its proximity to the Darbuk-Shyok-Daulat Beg Oldie (DSDBO) road, the DBO airstrip, and the Karakoram Pass.
- Two, it poses threats to Indian control over the Siachen glacier.
- Three, it is the only area on the Indian landmass where China and Pakistan can plan a collusive military attack on India.
- Fourth, also, a former northern army commander identified this area as tough to defend in case of a Chinese military attack.
Thus, Depsang plains are strategically significant. India needs to find a holistic solution to Depsang issue.
How effective is the solution of creating a buffer zone?
The creation of Buffer zones has been effective to date in controlling the India-Chinese clashes around the LAC. But there are some issues,
- First, it denies India, access to the areas up to PP14, which it patrolled earlier.
- Second, there are worries that such buffer zones would lie majorly on the Indian side of the LAC. Thus converting Indian-controlled territory into a neutral zone.
- Third, no petrol zones are not announced publicly yet, in all the contentious border areas along LAC. For example, Kailash range. Any violation may result in a Galwan like clash.
Thus, buffer zones can only provide a temporary solution. They are no alternatives to the mutual delineation and a final settlement of the Sino-Indian boundary.
Suggestions for India
- The Centre for Policy Research produced a Non-alignment 2.0 strategy in 2012. It advocates for taking a prompt quid pro quo military operation in Chinese territory in case of escalation.
- However, this strategy may result in a military confrontation. Considering India’s economic crisis, India won’t pursue a quid pro quo strategy.
- Rather, India should enhance the deployment of troops along the LAC. It will prevent PLA ingression from Ladakh to Arunachal Pradesh.
The government has made a choice to seek restoration of peace and tranquillity on the LAC instead of a reversion to the status quo as of April 2020. Any strategic consequences of that choice should be managed by the government in the future.
Need for a balanced approach on ‘Bilateral Investment Treaty’ for India
Synopsis: Sri Lanka’s revoked the East Container Terminal (ECT) agreement without any valid reason. However, Indian investors can’t oppose this decision under International Law, due to India’s withdrawal from Bilateral Investment treaties (BIT). This calls for adopting a balanced approach towards BITs.
Background:
- An agreement to jointly develop ECT at Colombo port was signed between Sri Lanka, Japan and India in 2019.
- In February 2021, the Sri Laken government pulled out from the agreement.
- This hampered the interest of Indian investors as they can’t approach international tribunal for protecting their interest under India-Sri Lanka BIT.
Read more – Sri Lanka Writes Off Strategic Colombo Port Deal With India & Japan|ForumIAS Blog
India-Sri Lanka Bilateral Investment Treaty:
- It governs the treatment of foreign investment between two countries on the basis of International Law. India-Sri Lanka Bilateral Investment Treaty was signed in 1997.
- It has a provision of Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). It allows individual foreign investors to sue host states in international tribunals if treaty obligations are violated.
- It calls for giving Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) to foreign investments in the host state under Article 3(2).
- A core component of FET is the protection of legitimate expectations of investors.
- In International Thunderbird Gaming Corporation v Mexico Case, the concept of legitimate expectations got clarified.
- It is a situation in which the act of the host state creates a reasonable expectation in the mind of the investor to act in line with such expectation. Failure to fulfil such expectations would cause damage to investors.
- India- Sri Lanka BIT also has a survival clause under Article 15(2). It protects investors interest for 15 years if the treaty is unilaterally withdrawn by either party.
- India withdrew from the treaty in 2017 due to a high number of ISDS cases filed against it. But survival clause assures protection to Indian and Sri Lanka investors till 2032.
Why can’t Indian investors sue the Sri Lankan Government for revoking 2019 agreement?
- Although the act of Sri Lanka to withdraw from 2019 agreement is a clear breach of the principle of legitimate expectation. But the Indian investors can’t appeal for protection.
- Survival clause gave protection to investments made before India’s withdrawal from the treaty in 2017 and not to investments after that. It is due to this cut-off date that investors of 2019 ECT agreement can’t do much regarding Sri Lanka’s withdrawal from the agreement.
Way Forward:
- India must understand the reciprocal nature of BITs. The withdrawal will save it from ISDS claims but would also hamper the interest of Indian investors abroad.
- Decisions of withdrawal need to be taken with greater caution in a post-Covid world where the probability of taking arbitrary actions by foreign governments is quite high.
- The need is to adopt a balanced approach towards BITs that doesn’t subject India to multiple ISDS claims nor harm the interests of Indian investors in foreign countries.
‘Disengagement activities’ for reducing Sino-India tensions
Synopsis: India and China have simultaneously begun disengagement activities around the Pangong Tso region in eastern Ladakh. It is a laudable step for reducing tension between the two countries.
Background:
- The two countries were undergoing severe tensions since May 2020. It is when the Chinese army entered 8 km inside Eastern Ladakh.
- This Chinese encroachment along east of finger 8 along the LAC (Line of Actual Control) led to unprecedented clashes. The most severe was the Galwan valley clash that caused casualties at both ends.
- Almost 10 months after the first clash, China agreed to enter into a conciliatory agreement.
- It calls for a systematic and coordinated withdrawal along the northern and southern banks of Pangong Tso region.
- China has to pull back its troops at Siriraj, east of Finger 8 and dismantle infrastructure created after April 2020.
- India has to return to its Dhan Singh Thapa Post near Finger 3.
- A temporary moratorium on patrolling activities has been imposed along the northern bank of Pangong Tso.
Reasons behind China’s altered stance:
- First, good diplomacy was shown by the Indian government that didn’t surrender to Chinese demands.
- Second, a strategic advantage was gained by Indian army at Kailash heights in the southern bank which enhanced its bargaining power.
- Third, China realized that a long stand-off will only hamper bilateral relations and would give little gain.
- Fourth, the growing closeness of India-US and their greater engagement in the QUAD group, might have pressurized China to alter its stance.
- Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is an informal group of the US, Japan, India and Australia. The group aims to maintain a rules based order in the Indo-Pacific region.
Way Forward:
- The agreement must be implemented in letter and spirit to re-instill the lost trust between the countries.
- The focus should be on doing robust verification and monitoring in order to ensure its effective implementation.
- The success of this disengagement agreement will also open gates for negotiation on other friction points like Hot Springs and Depsang plains.
Disengagement agreement at Pangong Tso Lake – Explained
Table of contents
Recently, a military disengagement agreement signed between India and China. This is the first major breakthrough to resolve the nine-month-long military stand-off along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh. Both the Chinese and Indian troops present on the south and north of Pangong Tso lake already started a “synchronized and organized disengagement”.
- Line of Actual Control is the disputed boundary between India and China. LAC is divided into three sectors: western, middle, and eastern.
- Both countries disagree on the actual location of the LAC. India claims that the LAC is 3,488 km long. But the Chinese believe it is around 2,000 km only.
- LAC mostly passes on the land, but in Pangong Tso lake, LAC passes through the water as well.
- The contested area of the lake is divided into 8 Fingers.
- Chinese contested that the LAC is at finger 4. But, India’s perceived LAC (Line of Actual Control) is at finger 8. This led to frequent disputes in the area.
- Previously India patrolled on foot up to Finger 8. But there is no motorable road access from India’s side to the areas east of Finger 4.
- China on the other hand already built a road on their side and dominated up to Finger 4.
- The recent (in May 2020) standoff on North and South bank of the lake is one such dispute.
- During the stand-off, Chinese troops marched to the ridgeline of finger 3 and 4. Indian forces were forced to stay within finger 3.
- But, in August 2020, India obtained some strategic advantages in the region by occupying certain peaks in the Kailash ranges. After that, Indian troops started positioning in Magar Hill, Mukhpari, Gurung Hill, etc. This pressurized China to enter into a negotiation.
- Later, India and China finally reached to an agreement on disengagement at Pangong Lake.
- The agreement was reached in the 9th corps commander meeting held on 24th January 2021.
What are the important points of agreement?
- The agreement calls for disengagement along the Pangong Tso region. It includes the pulling of tanks and troops from both sides.
- The troops will return to pre standoff position in a gradual manner on the north and south banks of the lake.
- In the north bank, China will pull back to finger 8 and India will get back to its Dhan Singh Thapa post near finger 3.
- The area between finger 3 and 8 will become a no patrolling zone for a temporary period.
- All the construction done after April 2020 will be removed by both sides
- Negotiation of the agreement through military and diplomatic discussions will take place to decide the patrolling on the area between finger 3 and 8.
What are the reasons leading to the present agreement?
First, India’s strategic advantage and ability to remain strong. China started the standoff in March and soon captured Finger 4 area. Chinese thought that they were in an advantageous position both militarily and strategically as compared to India (As the move coincides with COVID pandemic). China never expected such prolonged opposition from India. But India achieved this, which resulted into the agreement.
Second, there is also a climatic reason for it. The icy-cold winter in Ladakh with temperature as low as minus 20 degrees Celsius forced China for an agreement. Chinese forces are not habituated to such extreme temperature. For example, 10,000 troops from the Western Theatre Command (WTC) had moved to lower locations due to fatigue and other complications in January.
Third, sensible diplomacy of India. India handled the pressure from China very well. For example, handling the Chinese provoking tactics, India did not turn out aggressive at any point of dispute. All these along with India’s diplomatic will to ban Chinese apps forced China to engage in talks.
Fourth, International Pressure on China. China’s image in the international arena got deteriorated due to various reasons like
- China’s opaque way of handling COVID outbreak
- The way China forces its maritime neighbours in the South China Sea.
All these forces along with the standoff deteriorated China’s image. With the nations recovering from COVID pandemic, China wanted to create a positive image (as Chinese manufactured goods need markets). So China agreed to disengagement.
Fifth, New Biden-Harris alliance in the US promised greater stability in the South China Sea region. China cannot afford a conflict on its two fronts (East – South China Sea dispute, West – India – China standoff). So China agreed to return to pre-stand off position.
Concerns with the disengagement agreement:
First, there is a lack of trust amongst the countries. This restricts them from the attainment of lasting peace in the region.
Second, Ambiguity with respect to China’s intent. Even the US warned India to remain vigilant in disengagement.
Third, there is still a higher probability of escalation of violence in the region. For example, clashes in Galwan Valley started when the troops were pulling back in June last year.
Fourth, Pangong Tso is just one point of friction. Focus on other areas is also required. Else the efficacy of this disengagement is also at risk. The other areas include,
- Gogra Post at Patrolling Point 17A (PP17A)
- Hot Springs area near PP15
- PP14 in Galwan Valley
- Depsang Plains, which is close to India’s strategic Daulat Beg Oldie base
According to the present agreement, the discussion on Gogra Post and Hot Springs area will take place 48 hours after the disengagement at Pangong Tso Lake will complete.
Fifth, there is also an accusation on India for getting into agreement despite being in a dominant position. They are,
- Prior to the standoff, Finger 4 belonged to Indian territory. But in the agreement, India agreed to move to Finger 3 and not to stay on Finger 4.
- Indian troops, after capturing Kailash ranges are now moving back.
But one has to realize following points,
- China moving back to Finger 8 after capturing Finger 4.
- Focus on long term solution instead of the short term needs.
- Falling behind itself is like a defeat to China considering its military potential.
- The area between finger 3 to finger 8 is currently under negotiation.
Suggestions to improve the disengagement:
First, The immediate focus should be on the disengagement and gradual withdrawal in the entire region along with the proper implementation of Pangong Tso disengagement agreement.
Second, Both countries can reach a diplomatic solution like the creation of buffer zones or demilitarized zone in disputed areas. As the next step of the solution, they can also create further improvements. Such as Neither side will deploy/patrol/develop infrastructure in the buffer zone or permitting joint patrolling of troops.
Third, Both the countries should sign an agreement to resolve the conflict in the long run by,
- Accepting and respecting the LAC by both the parties.
- Neither party should attempt to change the status quo unilaterally.
- Both parties should adhere to all the agreements.
Despite the Chinese agreement India always has to remain cautious of earlier Chinese aggressions such as non-adherence to the principles, frequent violation in the region, creating infrastructure in disputed areas, etc. Once the disengagement is done India will have to keep the momentum and move ahead to resolve all the boundary conflicts. That is the only solution beneficial for both the countries.
Reasons behind India-China disengagement agreement along LAC
Source- Indian Express
Syllabus: GS 2 – India and its Neighbourhood- Relations.
Synopsis: The Sino- Indian disengagement agreement in Pangong Tso region is the first step towards ending hostilities along LAC (Line of Actual Control). Focus should now be on other areas of friction like Kailash heights and Depsang plateau to bring lasting peace.
Background:
- India and China have finally agreed to enter into a disengagement agreement along Pangong Tso region. This agreement has been reached after nine months of hostility.
- The agreement was reached in the 9th corps commander meeting that was held on 24th January 2021.
- It was mutual understanding and changing world scenarios that helped in this agreement.
What are the possible reasons behind this disengagement agreement?
Experts are of the view that the Chinese aggression was a response to the rising strategic confidence of India in the region, since 2015. A lesson was to be taught to India and the vulnerable situation during the pandemic, gave Chinese just the right opportunity to execute its move. The following changing world scenarios are behind this agreement:
- The new Biden-Harris alliance in the US promised greater stability in the South China Sea. Now, Chinese won’t like to further deteriorate its global image. They might be trying to deliver the message of cooperation.
- On the part of India, the sensible diplomacy coupled with strategic advantage obtained at Kailash heights improved its bargaining power. It assured that China sits on the negotiation table and cooperate.
- The discipline showed by India in the economic and trade domain also refrained China from using its media warfare doctrine. It induced China to engage in constant talks.
- Media Warfare Doctrine-It is a doctrine that involves action to deny, exploit, corrupt or destroy the enemy’s information and its functions.
Suggestions:
- The disengagement terms should be respected so that agreement leads to conflict resolution and not a postponement. It was seen in the earlier Doklam and Nathula stand-off, after reaching disengagement.
- Trust needs to be established between frontline commanders else there is a possibility of escalation due to new friction, as seen in Galwan valley in July 2020.
- Talks on other areas of friction are ongoing at Depsang plateau and Kailash heights. The present agreement should be used as a step towards lasting peace.
- China has an upper hand in the Depsang plateau and India commands an edge over Kailash heights.
Future engagement must be guided by showing mutual respect towards each other’s territorial sovereignty and integrity.
Disengagement agreement in Pangong Tso region
Source: The Indian Express
Syllabus: GS 2 – India and its Neighborhood- Relations.
Synopsis: Both India and China have agreed to withdraw troops from Pangong Tso region. Both the countries will return to the position of April 2020 (before the stand-off took place).
Introduction:
As per the agreement reached by the 9th corps commanders meeting on 24th January, both Indian and Chinese troops began systematic disengagement on the northern and southern banks of Pangong Tso located in eastern Ladakh.
Background:
Source: Indian Express
- The North and South banks of Pangong Tso are one of the most sensitive points. These points mark the onset of the standoff that began in May 2020.
- During the stand-off, Chinese troops marched to the ridge line of finger 3 and 4. Whereas, India’s perceived LAC (Line of Actual Control) was at finger 8.
- In August 2020, India obtained some strategic advantage in the region by occupying certain peaks. After that, Indian troops start positioning in Magar Hill, Mukhpari, Gurung Hill, etc. It pressurized China to enter into a negotiation.
- Recently, India and China finally reached an agreement on disengagement at Pangong Lake.
About the agreement:
- The agreement calls for disengagement along the Pangong Tso region. It includes the pulling of tanks and troops from both sides.
- The forward deployment will return to pre standoff status quo in a gradual manner, along north and south banks.
- In the north bank, China will pull back to finger 8 and India will get back to its Dhan Singh Thapa post near finger 3.
- The area between finger 3 and 8 will become a no patrolling zone for a temporary period.
- Any construction done post-April 2020 is to be removed by both sides.
Significance:
- The agreement is expected to restore the pre-standoff position and sustain peace in the region.
- It would be an initial step. Based on that, future negotiations will take place.
Concerns in negotiation:
- There is a lack of trust between both India and China. It will prevent the attainment of lasting peace in the region.
- The probability of escalation of violence by China still persists. For example, Both the countries involved in the Galwan Valley clash after a pull-back of their troops in June 2020.
- Pangong Tso is just one point of friction. Focus on other areas is also required. Else the efficacy of this disengagement would also be questionable. The other areas that require focus, are:
- Gogra Post at Patrolling Point 17A (PP17A)
- Hot Springs area near PP15
- PP14 in Galwan Valley
- Depsang Plains, which is close to India’s strategic Daulat Beg Oldie base
Way forward:
- The focus should now be on the disengagement and gradual withdrawal in the entire region, not only the Pangong Tso region.
- The unresolved issues must be solved based on 3 principles:
- Mutual acceptance and respect of LAC
- No unilateral alteration of LAC
- Mutual adherence of bilateral agreements
India, Afghanistan agreement to build “Shahtoot Dam” in Kabul
What is the News?
India and Afghanistan have signed an agreement to build the Shahtoot Dam in the Afghan capital.
Shahtoot Dam:
- It is a proposed dam in the Kabul river basin. It is one of the five river basins in Afghanistan.
- Purpose:
- The dam will provide drinking, irrigation, and Environmental water for Kabul province.
- It will also provide water for irrigation to nearby areas, rehabilitate the existing irrigation and drainage network. Moreover, it will help in flood protection and management efforts.
- Significance: This is the second major dam being built by India in Afghanistan, after the India – Afghanistan Friendship Dam [Salma Dam] which was inaugurated in 2016.
Source: TOI
Why China should be seen as a partner by India?
Source: The Hindu
Gs2: India and its Neighborhood- Relations.
Synopsis: India should acknowledge the rise of superpower China and prepare to complement its role in reviving the rule-based global order. It should start looking at China as a partner, instead of a rival.
Background
- Recently, External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar said that both India and China remained committed to a multipolar world. They should also recognize that a “multipolar Asia” was one of its essential constituents.
- India should also come out of the developing country’s mindset and make more clear choices.
- India’s major concerns are related to China and the new US administration looks at China as a ‘strategic competitor’ rather than a ‘strategic rival’.
- On the security issues, India should not compromise on its strategic autonomy for the US or any other country. It should look for the options of cooperation with China also.
- In this context, we will discuss how coping with china in the areas where India too has interest could become a win-win situation for both the Asian giants.
How effectively India utilizes its principle of Strategic autonomy?
India pursues its strategic autonomy more effectively than ever in the historical past. For example,
- India has a “special and privileged strategic partnership” with Russia and a “comprehensive global strategic partnership” with the US.
- However, India has been cautious in the relationship with the U.S.-led Quadrilateral Security Dialogue.
- India’s strategic autonomy is also reflected in India’s participation. It is involved in both the Shanghai Cooperation Organization led by china against western interests and in the US-led Quad, against China.
Why China should be seen as a partner, competitor rather than as rival?
- Firstly, in the financial sphere, China will soon become the world’s largest economy. For the first time, the Fortune Global 500 list contains more companies based in China, including Hong Kong, in comparison to the U.S.
- Secondly, Also, there is a possibility that the Chinese renminbi becomes a global reserve currency or e-yuan becomes the currency of digital payment. For example, the BRI countries are using the renminbi in financial transactions with China.
- Third, despite US sanctions, the EU created its own cross-border clearing mechanism for trade with China. All these developments signify the rise of China over the U.S.
- Fourth, Apart from this, China is now the second-biggest financial contributor to the UN. Also, it has published more high-impact research papers than the U.S.
- Fifth, it has also enhanced its ‘soft power’ similar to the levels achieved by the U.S.
- Also, China’s engagement with Eurasian landmass has made sure that the ASEAN countries will not easily move out of the BRI infrastructure, digital, finance and trade linkages.
What needs to be done?
- Similar to the EU, India needs to see china as a partner, competitor, and economic rival depending on the areas of interest.
- In this context, India needs to push the Quad members for assisting the infrastructure development of the BRI. However, it should be in line with the strategic concerns of the region.
- India and other Quad members can contribute to the development of scientific, technological capacity, and digital economy of BRI countries. It is more fruitful compared to developing an alternative development model.
- Similarly, India needs to take steps to reform the global governance to accommodate multiple views of different stakeholders. For example, with respect to digital data, India has recently expressed that there must be reciprocity in data sharing.
- Moreover, ASEAN countries are willing that India rejoin RCEP to balance China. Other countries are also admitting the bigger role that India can play in the near future.
Thus, as mentioned above also, India should also act as an emerging superpower. The Asian giants, India and China can have complementary roles, share prosperity and at the same time be independent of each other and of the West.
India’s strategy for Myanmar
Source: The Hindu
Gs2: India and its Neighborhood- Relations.
Synopsis: India’s Policy towards Myanmar should be a balance of India’s interest and India’s norms.
Background
- The recent military coup in Myanmar has once again created uncertainty regarding the future of Myanmar’s democracy.
- The U. S and the west have reacted strongly. The US threatened Myanmar about sanctions.
- Myanmar lies between two powerful states (India and China) competing for power and influence. Thus, Myanmar will always have geopolitical importance.
- Given the high stakes in Myanmar, India needs to craft well-thought-out strategic choices regarding the situation.
What are the issues facing countries in supporting Aung San Suu Kyi?
- The image of Aung San Suu Kyi declined globally due to her support towards the ill-treatment of Rohingyas. Yet, there is no other alternative for international communities other than Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar.
- The increasing global support for Aung San Suu Kyi will diminish the possibilities for justice to the Rohingyas in the International Court of Justice (ICJ).
How the coup will impact China?
The coup in Myanmar was more in the interest of the armed forces of Myanmar. However, it might affect China both negatively and positively.
- In the short run, the Coup is against the Economic interests of other countries including India and China. Also, for China, the coup has destabilised its larger regional economic plans in Myanmar.
- However, in the long run, Myanmar will be forced to seek China’s support if, the US imposes economic sanctions on Myanmar.
- It is likely that China will be ready to offer them support in return for increasing the Chinese footprint in the country. This will make China the biggest beneficiary of the recent Military Coup in Myanmar.
What is the dilemma faced by India?
Till now, the existence of dual power centers in Myanmar suited India’s interest very well. However, the coup has put India in a dilemma on how to respond to the military coup in Myanmar.
- Myanmar’s military has been instrumental in controlling the insurgent groups in India’s northeast. They provided India with coordinated action and intelligence sharing.
- The issue of Rohingya Muslims is equally important. The military rule in Myanmar will offer support for increasing prosecution for Rohingyas. This could potentially lead to a rise of extremism within the community. This will be definitely against India’s interests in the longer run.
- If India’s national interest is given priority then, India would cooperate with Myanmar’s military. However, open support for the Military by India will lead to strong criticism by the West and especially America.
- On the other hand, India cannot actively oppose Myanmar’s military. Because Suu Kyi has also supported strong ties with China. It was Myanmar’s military that has been more supportive of India.
Recently, the Ministry of External Affairs has voiced its opinion for upholding the rule of law and the democratic process in Myanmar. However, considering the regional geopolitics India’s Myanmar policy will be based on interests rather than norms.
What is the way forward?
- India must strive to push for political reconciliation in the country while maintaining relations with the government in power in Myanmar.
- In the meantime, India needs to focus on improving trade, connectivity, and security links between the two sides.
Sri Lanka settles “Currency Swap Facility” with India
What is the News?
The Central Bank of Sri Lanka(CBSL) has settled a $400 million currency swap facility from the Reserve Bank (RBI) of India.
What is a Currency Swap Facility?
- The term swap means exchange. Under this agreement, two contracting countries loan each other a specified amount in local currencies.
- The parties agree to swap back this amount at a specified date. It uses the same exchange rate as agreed initially.
- This facility uses the local currencies of the countries under agreement. Thus, it eliminates the need for the currency of any other country like US Dollars.
Benefits of Currency Swap facility:
- The swap operations carry no exchange rate or other market risks. The transaction terms are set in advance.
- It reduces the need of maintaining foreign exchange reserves for bilateral trade. Thus, it promotes bilateral trade.
- Hence, it ensures financial stability (protecting the health of the banking system).
Examples of Currency Swap Arrangement:
- India-Japan Currency Swap:
- In 2018, India and Japan had signed a bilateral currency swap agreement.
- Under this, RBI will get a certain amount of yen or dollars and the Bank of Japan will get an equivalent amount in Indian rupees on a decided swap rate.
- After a specified period, both the countries will repay the amount at the same swap rate.
- SAARC Currency Swap Framework 2019-22:
- It came into operation in 2012. In 2019, the RBI revised the framework from 2019-2022. Under this, RBI will continue to offer swap arrangement within the overall corpus of USD 2 billion.
- The currency swap facility will be available to all SAARC member countries subject to their signing the bilateral swap agreements.
- Based on the terms and conditions of the framework, the RBI would enter into bilateral swap agreements with SAARC central banks who want to avail swap facility.
- The drawls can be made in US Dollars, Euro, or Indian Rupee. The framework also provides certain concessions for swap drawals in Indian Rupee.
Source: The Hindu
Chinese energy projects near Tamil Nadu cleared by Sri Lanka
What is the News?
The Sri Lankan Government has cleared a Chinese project to set up hybrid wind and solar energy projects on three Sri Lankan islands.
Note: This development comes after Sri Lanka had recently decided to pull out of the East Container Terminal(ECT) deal with India and Japan.
About the Project:
- China’s hybrid renewable energy systems project is to be constructed on the three Islands namely Delft, Nainativu, and Analativu.
- These islands are managed by the Sri Lankan Navy.
- It will be implemented as a joint venture between the Sri Lankan government and Etechwin, a subsidiary of the Chinese wind turbine manufacturer Gold wind.
- Funding: Asian Development Bank will fund the project.
Concerns of India:
- These three Islands are located off the northern Jaffna peninsula which is 45 km from Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu.
- The delft island is in northern Sri Lanka and is one of the closest points to India.
- Kachchatheevu is the tiny island that India ceded to Sri Lanka in 1974. It is located Between Delft Island and Rameshwaram.
- The waters around these islands are an area of contest and rivalry between Tamil Nadu and Jaffna fishers. The matter has been on the bilateral agenda for decades.
Previous Instances:
- In 2018, India had voiced concern over China’s $300 million housing project for war-affected areas. It accused the Sri Lankan Government of holding an opaque bidding process. The project was eventually dropped.
Source: The Hindu
Sri Lanka has pushed India and Japan out from the Colombo Terminal Project
Source- The Hindu
Syllabus – GS 2 – Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests
Synopsis – Sri Lankan government has been forced to revoke a 2019 deal with India and Japan. The deal was to build the East Container Terminal (ECT) at Colombo Port. They cancelled the deal after facing intense resistance from trade unions across the region.
Background-
- Sri Lanka, Japan and India signed an agreement [MoC] to jointly develop the East Container Terminal at the Colombo Port in 2019.
- The MoC stated that the Sri Lanka will own 51 per cent stake. India and Japan will jointly own the remaining 49 per cent.
- However, Sri Lanka unilaterally made a decision on an existing tripartite agreement.
Significance of the ECT Project for India –
- First, the involvement of India and Japan is being seen as a big development. It was also seen as a counter to the growing influence of China.
- Second, Important trading link- The Colombo Port is an important port for trans-shipment of goods coming to India.
- Third, it is seen as a collaboration between two Indo-Pacific partners [India-Japan]. It could prove to be better funding and development in the South Asia region.
What made Sri Lanka break the tripartite agreement on ECT project?
- First, pressure from Colombo port trade unions –The government of Sri Lanka was under intense pressure. Because the trade unions opposed port’s privatization and demanded cancellation of the 2019 agreement.
- Second, China’s involvement – there were reports the Chinese had played a role in inducing port unions to protest against India’s interest.
However, Sri Lanka has approved another proposal to develop the West Container Terminal [WCT] of the Colombo port with Japan and India. India has not commented on the proposal.
Way forward-
- The Sri Lankan government should be cautious that no international government or financial institution would like to make major investments if they cancel the deal due to pressure.
Lessons from the past for way forward in Myanmar
Source: The Hindu
Gs2: Effect of Policies and Politics of Developed and Developing Countries on India’s interests, Indian Diaspora.
Synopsis: The international community needs to plan according to the ground realities of Myanmar before making any effort to restore Democracy.
Background:
- Following the recent military coup in Myanmar, many countries have voiced their concern to restore the Democracy in Myanmar.
- However, it is important to understand the present situation from experiences. It will save the efforts of the international community to restore democracy, from failing.
What are the Lessons from past Military coups of Myanmar?
Firstly, the Myanmar military lacks any apathy towards its civilians. It is evident from past examples. For instance, during the 2008, Cyclone Nargis disaster, it refused to allow foreign aid from other countries to support relief works.
- Moreover, instead of Prioritizing the Disaster relief work, it announced a pre-scheduled referendum on the military-scripted constitution to make use of the situation.
Second, imposing Economic sanctions against Myanmar will not bring any major political change. It will do more harm to Myanmar’s Poor people. For example, During the western sanctions before 2010, the military was able to economically withstand sanctions by striking deals with Asian countries.
Third, the Military has been emboldened by the absence of punishment for crimes against humanity. For example, ex-Myanmar military general Than Shwe was able to escape without punishment. He was on the watch list of the international community for perpetuating a crime of human rights abuses during his rule from 1992 to 2011. Brutality against Rohingyas is also an example.
Fourth, Myanmar’s military will try to exploit the ethnic and religious divide among its citizen. So, engagement of the international community with domestic stakeholders, including ethnic minorities, especially from the north is highly critical.
Suggestions
- The international community has to make use of China’s multi-layered influence on Myanmar. China has been working on Myanmar-related issues since 2013.
- Before 2015, many mechanisms were planned by Western and Asian countries for coordinating strategies on Myanmar. These initiatives were discontinued after the restoration of democracy in Myanmar. International communities need to revive and bring this mechanism under a common platform.
- International communities should make efforts to punish those individuals responsible for committing crimes against humanity.
Sri Lanka Writes Off Strategic Colombo Port Deal With India & Japan
Source: click here
Syllabus: GS 2
Synopsis: Sri Lanka’s has pulled out of a 2019 Colombo Port deal with India and Japan. The agreement was for developing the strategic East Container Terminal (ECT) at the Colombo Port.
Introduction
India and Sri Lanka signed a Memorandum of Understanding(MoU) for cooperation on economic projects in 2019. A container terminal at the Colombo Port was one of the projects under MoU.
However, Sri Lanka has pulled out from the deal after opposition from trade unions.
What was the agreement?
- The ECT deal was important as between 60 and 70 percent of transshipment that takes place through it is India-linked.
- As per the agreement, India and Japan would have 49 percent ownership of the ECT. Whereas Sri Lanka would have a 51% stake.
- A 40-year loan at an interest rate of 0.1% from Japan was expected to fund the development of the ECT.
What went wrong?
- India-Sri Lanka relations are cordial in general. But India’s involvement in the civil wars of Sri Lanka still affects India’s interest there.
- Colombo Port Trade Union has strongly opposed the 49% stake of India and Japan. They are demanding 100% ownership of Sri Lanka of the ports,
- Big projects by India have always faced opposition in Sri Lanka. Due to this, India brought Japan in at least two of the projects listed in the MoU.
- But the relationship between Japan and Sri Lanka has also changed over the years, because of Colombo’s closeness to China. Therefore, including Japan in the project didn’t prove to be fruitful.
- The protests ended after the announcement of the Sri Lanka government. Now, the ECT would be developed and operated as a “wholly-owned container terminal of the Sri Lanka Ports Authority (SLPA).
What happens now?
India has asked Colombo not to take a unilateral decision on an existing tripartite agreement. Japan has called the decision regrettable.
As a compensation offer, Sri Lanka has given a proposal to India and Japan for the development of the west terminal in partnership.
- Sri Lanka assures that the West terminal is commercially better than the east terminal. The developers could hold up to 85 percent stake instead of 49 percent stake in the West terminal.
- The unions agreed to this proposal to invite India and Japan to participate in the development and operation of the west terminal.
- However, India has not yet responded to the offer.
India- Myanmar relations after Coup
Source: click here
Syllabus: GS – 2
Synopsis: India has a deep security relationship with the Myanmar military. It is not in India’s interest to intervene in Myanmar’s politics.
Introduction
Military rule has returned to Myanmar after a coup. Aung San Suu Kyi along with the political leadership has been detained by the Military.
Similar events took place in Myanmar 30 years ago. However, India’s reaction is going to be very different from its stand of 1989-90.
Read more about modern Myanmar history and other details
Why is India’s reaction going to be different this time?
India gave a statement of deep concern over the developments in Myanmar. However, its reaction is going to be different from the past because of the following reasons:
- Firstly, India’s security relationship with the Myanmar military has become extremely close. Myanmar military assists India in securing the North East borders from insurgent groups.
- In a recent visit to Myanmar, Indian counterparts met with both State Councillor Suu Kyi and Gen. Min Aung Hlaing. It signifies the equal importance of both for India.
- Secondly, the image of Ms. Suu Kyi as a democratic icon and Nobel peace laureate has been damaged. It is the result of her failure in stopping the Army’s pogrom against Rohingya. Moreover, she defended the Army’s action.
- Third, India has initiated numerous infrastructure and development projects with Myanmar. India sees this as the “gateway to the East” and ASEAN countries. For example, the India Myanmar-Thailand trilateral highway and the Kaladan multi-modal transit transport network.
- Fifthly, India wants to resolve the issue of Rohingya refugees that fled to Bangladesh and some still live in India.
- Sixthly, there was a public uproar for India in 1990, to take a strong stand against Myanmar in the past. This is not the case in the present scenario.
India enjoyed a balanced relationship with both civil and military till now. But after this coup, India’s capacity to play both sides and maintain a relationship on both sides is now diminished.
Also read Coup in Myanmar and India-Myanmar bilateral relations explained
Coup in Myanmar and India-Myanmar bilateral relations – Explained
In a military coup in Myanmar, a state of emergency has been imposed for one year. The coup resulted in establishing military rule again in Myanmar. The military has detained democratically elected leader Aung San Suu Kyi and other politicians of the country. This action is condemned by the majority of countries around the world.
Myanmar’s elected democratic government was about to swear in and convened the Parliamentary session on February 1. The coup occurred to stop the convening of Parliamentary session. Also, the Military owned TV (Myawaddy TV) has announced that the Military will remain in power for one year. This event has raised questions on the survival of democracy in Myanmar.
Reason behind the Coup
Myanmar conducted elections democratically in November 2020. Aung San Suu Kyi led Party won 396 out of 476 seats (combined lower and upper houses of Parliament) and won the elections. The military reserves 25% of seats as per their 2008 Constitution.
The military (“Tatmadaw” in Mayanmar) alleged, there was large scale “irregularities” in the general elections. But the United Elections Commission (UEC) of Myanmar said that no such irregularities have occurred during the elections.
The new parliament fixed February 1 for convening the session and swearing ceremony. To prevent the parliamentary session, the military staged the coup in the early morning of February 1 and detained the political leaders.
Apart from that, the military also declared a one-year state of Emergency. The military also threatened to revoke the 2008 Constitution, “If one does not follow the law”.
The military had revoked two previous constitutions in Myanmar. Now, there is a possibility of revoking the present constitution. In fact, the 2008 Constitution was also the military-drafted one.
Read more about modern Myanmar history and other details
What is the stand of various countries on the coup?
Ministry of External Affairs of India mentioned that India will “always been steadfast in its support to the process of democratic transition” in Myanmar.
UN Secretary-General has condemned the coup in strong words.
The US warned Myanmar’s military officials against a coup attempt. It has threatened to “take action” if the military proceeded with the coup.
The Australian government calls for the release of detained leaders.
China, on the other hand, asks all the sides in Myanmar to resolve the dispute on its own.
Why Myanmar is important for India?
First, Myanmar’s role in tackling insurgency in Northeast: Myanmar shares a 1643 Km long boundary with India’s North Eastern State. Insurgent groups such as ISCN-K, ISCN-IM have operational bases inside Myanmar. The democratically elected government cooperated with India in controlling the insurgent activities especially, the Naga insurgency.
Second, Myanmar’s role in India’s “Neighborhood First” policy and “Act East” Policy: Myanmar is strategically located between India and Southeast Asian countries. Due to that, Myanmar is important for India’s connectivity with other South-East Asian countries.
Third, Reduction of illegal migrants coming to India: During the recent Rohingya issue, 14000 registered and 40000 unregistered refugees came to India. A stable Myanmar can prevent this fleeing of refugees.
Fourth, Myanmar is the gateway to the development of North-Eastern India: The success of infrastructure, developmental projects in the North-Eastern part of India directly depend on the co-operation with Myanmar. For Example, the Development of India-Myanmar-Thailand(IMT) trilateral highway, Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport (KMMTT) corridor, etc rely on Myanmar.
Present areas of Co-operation between India and Myanmar:
First, Co-operation in the field of Economy: The bilateral trade among both the countries remained in and around $2 bn. The trade will improve once there is a stable government in place.
Second, Co-operation in the field of Infrastructure and Development projects: In 2013 India provided a 500 million $ LOC (Line of Credit) for the developmental projects in Myanmar. Apart from that IMT trilateral highway and Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport (KMMTT) are also under implementation.
- India-Myanmar-Thailand(IMT) trilateral highway: The Highway connects Moreh in the Indian state of Manipur to the Mae Sot in Thailand. This route is interconnected via Mandalay in Myanmar.
- Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport (KMMTT) :
- The Project is aimed at connecting the eastern Indian seaport of Kolkata with the Sittwe seaport in Myanmar.
- In Myanmar, it will then link Sittwe seaport to Paletwa in Chin State via the Kaladan riverboat route. Then from Paletwa by road to Mizoram state in Northeast India.
- India constructed Sittwe Port as a deepwater port in 2016 at Sittwe.
- Significance: The project will reduce the distance from Kolkata to Sittwe by approximately 1328 km. In other words, the project will reduce the need to transport goods through the narrow Siliguri corridor also known as Chicken’s Neck.
Third, Defence cooperation: Both the countries conduct a joint military exercise named India – Myanmar Bilateral Military Exercise (IMBEX). Above all, both the armies jointly carried out Operation Sunrise twice. Under Operation Sunrise, the India-Myanmar armies jointly target the militant groups that operates in the border states.
Fifth, Other areas of co-operation. This includes India’s renovation of the 11th Century Ananda Temple in Myanmar (it was damaged due to earthquake). Apart from that India also provides Humanitarian and Disaster Relief to Myanmar during emergencies.
Suggestions:
First, India can aid the democratically elected government if there was a request from Myanmar. Myanmar is India’s strategic partner like Nepal, Bangladesh. India can help Myanmar like that of erstwhile Bangladesh in 1971.
Second, India has to strengthen the existing cooperation. India currently has an active co-operation with Myanmar in areas of security, counter-terrorism, trade and investment, energy co-operation. India has to encourage more active co-operation in these fields.
Third, India can formalise border trade with Myanmar. Currently, India’s Border trade with Myanmar is at a very low level. By formalising border trade like that of Border Haats in India-Bangladesh and providing enough support, we can improve people to people tie. It will also provide peace in long run.
Fourth, India can assist Myanmar in the implementation of the Kofi Annan Advisory Commission report on Rohingya Refugee issues. The commission has recommended investing in infrastructure projects. The recent Indian government move in developing the Sittwe port in Myanmar’s Rakhine state is one such move.
Read also India- Myanmar relations after Coup
Myanmar is not only strategically located but also in a strategic position to fulfill India’s ambition on developing North-East, connection with South-East Asia, etc. So, it is high time for India to help the Myanmar government to be a stable and democratic one.
India-Sri Lanka Maritime dispute – Explained
Recently four fishermen from Tamil Nadu died while fishing in Palk Bay. The cause of death is still not clear. But the Indian government has registered its strong protest with Sri Lanka.
The arrest and death of fishermen by the Sri-Lankan government is a frequent issue. A press note mentions, “between January 2015 to January 2018 alone, 185 Indian boats got seized, 188 Indian fishermen have been killed and 82 Indian fishermen are missing”
The Fishermen conflict is one of the main challenges in maintaining good bilateral relations between India-Sri Lanka.
What are the reasons for fisheries-related conflicts?
First, the maritime boundary line between both countries is not a well-defined one. For example, in the Palk Bay region, the distance between both countries is very less. It varies from 16Km to 45 km. Therefore, the application of 12 nautical mile criteria is difficult here.
Second, The issues of Katchatheevu island: India, and Sri Lanka have signed two agreements (1974,1976) to demarcate the International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL) between them. But fishermen of Tamil Nadu are not accepting the agreements. Because of reasons, such as
- According to the fishermen community, “their consultation was not considered during the signing of the agreement and Katchatheevu is a sovereign territory of India”.
- Prior to the agreements, the fishermen of Tamil Nadu used the island for sorting their fishes, drying the nets, etc. They also used the dry net to catch fishes again while returning.
- After the agreement, the island was included in the Sri Lankan side of the maritime boundary. This reduced the fishing area of Tamil Nadu fishermen.
All these factors led to the frequent border crossing of Indian Fishermen. The Sri Lankan Navy usually arrest them or destroy their fishing nets.
Third, Fishing method of the Fishermen of Tamil Nadu: TN Fishermen uses mechanized trawlers for performing bottom trawling method of fishing. But according to the Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Act of Sri Lanka, the practise of bottom trawling is an offence.
What is bottom trawling?
- It is an ecologically destructive fishing practice. It involves trawlers dragging weighted nets along the sea-floor.
- The major problem in bottom trawling is Bycatch (captures juvenile fish and other non-targeted fish species). This will cause great depletion of aquatic resources and affecting marine conservation efforts.
What are the challenges in resolving this dispute?
First, the non-agreement on terms between both the countries. In 2016 India and Sri Lanka agreed to set up a Joint Working Group (JWG) to find a permanent solution for fishermen issue. But the two rounds of talks did not provide any result. Because
- India demanded a three-year grace period to move away from the bottom-trawling method to an effective, alternative method of fishing.
- But the Sri Lankan side demanded an immediate end to bottom trawling practices.
Second, arrest and seizure on a larger scale makes negotiations hard. The Indian fishermen do not have the financial capability and technology to involve in multi-day fishing. So they do fishing in nearby locations like Palk Bay, Gulf of Mannar. This lead to larger arrests and seizures. As a result, the conflict deepened, and hard to negotiate.
What are the other Challenges in India-Sri Lanka relations?
First, The increase of Chinese investment – China has extended billions of loans to the Sri Lankan government for infrastructure projects. Apart from that China has also got a 99-year lease for strategic Hambantota port.
However, with the recent ‘India first policy’ of Sri Lanka, the relations have started improving.
Second, The unresolved Tamil Eelam issue- Though the civil war ended in Sri Lanka, rehabilitation of Sri Lankan Tamil people is not yet complete. There are still Sri Lankan refugees present in India. There is also a close cultural association among the Tamil-speaking community in India and Sri Lanka. So, a few sections of Tamil community in Tamil Nadu are also in favour of autonomy to Northern and Eastern Sri Lanka.
Third, The issue of the trade imbalance- Indian exports to Sri Lanka was worth US$ 4.16billion in 2018. But the export from Sri Lanka to India is US$ 767 million. Sri Lanka wants to reduce this imbalance. So the Sri Lankan government is demanding greater access to Indian markets.
Way forward:
First, Indian fishermen need to phase out the bottom trawling practices at the earliest. It will not only improve the bilateral relationship but also prevent ecological destruction. The government can provide incentives and involve in persuasive techniques for fishermen to achieve the objective.
Second, the Government has to fast-track the Blue Revolution Scheme. The Scheme allocates Rs 1,500 crore over a period of time for the conversion of bottom trawling boats into deep-sea liners. Fishermen will use the deep-sea liners for deep-sea fishing.
What is deep-sea fishing?
Deep-sea fishing is the practice of catching fish that live in the deep parts of the sea/ocean. In this practice, the boats are designed in such a way that fishermen will get access to the deeper parts of the ocean and fish species. Also, there are no ecological damages associated with deep-sea fishing like that of bottom trawling.
This is practised worldwide, especially in the coastal areas.
Third, regarding the Katchatheevu island, both countries can work upon any of the two solutions. Such as
- India can get back the island on “lease in perpetuity”(lease forever)
- Both countries can permit licensed fishermen to fish within designated areas. For example, permitting both country fishermen within 5 nautical miles of IMBL.
Fourth, Both India and Sri Lanka can also work upon starting ferry services. This will improve the people to people connection and reduce the conflict in the long run.
Mutual recognition of each other’s concerns is the key to resolving the fishermen issue. Apart from that, India and Sri Lanka have to see the fisherman issue as a holistic one including Katchatheevu island. This will not only help in solving the fisherman dispute alone but also a good start for the new generation of India -Sri Lanka relations.
MEA’s Eight broad principles to resolve conflict with China
Source: Indian Express
Gs2: India and its Neighborhood- Relations.
Background: Recently, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar participated in the 13th All-India Conference of China Studies organized by the Institute of Chinese Studies.
What were the observations made by the External Affairs Minister in the 13th All-India Conference of China Studies?
In the conference, he made the following observations;
- First, he admitted that the military conflict in eastern Ladakh brought the India-China relationship under “exceptional stress”.
- Second, he expressed concern over the fact that till now India has not received any credible explanation for the change in China’s stance or reasons for increasing troops in border areas.
- Third, he also criticized China that the developments in eastern Ladakh show disregard” for commitments about minimizing troop levels. It doesn’t show any willingness for peace and tranquillity.
- Fourth, He also raised concerns about the increasing construction of border infrastructure by the Chinese side.
The Minister stated that the decisions or choices they make need to be well thought as they will have an impact on the entire world. He proposed eight broad principles to resolve the strained ties between India and China.
What are the eight broad principles and “mutuals” proposed by External Affairs Minister?
The eight broad principles outlined by the External Affairs Minister to take bilateral ties forward are,
- Strict adherence to all agreements on border management.
- Fully respecting the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
- Making peace and tranquillity along with the frontier the basis for overall ties.
- Recognizing that a multipolar Asia is an essential constituent of a multipolar world.
- Managing differences effectively.
Along with this, he mentioned three mutual commitments that need to follow. He described them as determining factors for the ties. They are
- The Mutual respect
- Mutual sensitivity
- Mutual interests
By giving the eight broad principles MEA made clear India’s approach in dealing with China. He also said that the development of ties can only be based on “mutuality”, whether it is the immediate concerns or more distant prospects.
Naku La Pass in Sikkim
Why in News?
Indian and Chinese Soldiers have clashed at the Balwan area in Naku La Pass in Sikkim.
Naku La Pass:
- Naku La sector is a pass at a height of more than 5,000 meters above Mean Sea Level(MSL) in the state of Sikkim.
- It is located ahead of Muguthang or Cho Lhamu (source of River Teesta).
- The other passes located in the state of Sikkim are Nathu La Pass and Jelep La Pass.
- While Nathu La pass is located on the east side of Sikkim, Naku La pass is located on the northern border of Sikkim.
Source: The Hindu
Reasons of increasing Palk Bay fishing conflict
Source: The Hindu
Gs2: India and its Neighborhood- Relations.
Synopsis: The recent death of 4 fishermen resurfaces the unresolved issue of fisheries conflict between India-Sri Lanka at Palk Bay.
Background:
- Recently four fishermen from Tamil Nadu died while fishing in Palk Bay.
- Tamil Nadu has accused Sri Lankan Navy of that. But, the Sri Lankan navy maintains that they died when their trawler collided with a naval vessel while trying to avoid arrest.
- The timing of the incident signifies the sensitivity of this issue. As recently, after a three-year gap, India-Sri Lanka have resumed their discussion on fisheries through a Joint working Group (JWG).
- In JWG, India demanded the early release of fishermen and the boats in Sri Lankan custody. On the other hand, Sri Lanka demanded to curb illegal fishing by Indian fishermen, which has adversely affected the livelihood of its fishermen.
- India has registered its strong protest against these deaths.
Why the conflict has not been resolved yet?
There are many reasons for the continuance of the conflict. They are,
- Failure in implementing joint working group resolutions : Earlier both the sides agreed for no violence or loss of life while handling the fishermen. A hotline was established between the respective Coast Guards for that. However, the proposed hotline has not been operationalized yet.
- Alternate solutions failed: The plan to replace Tamil Nadu fishermen trawlers with deep sea fishing vessels has not been successful.
- Failure of Direct talks: Attempts to negotiate a settlement through direct talks between fishermen from both sides have also failed.
- Inability to find a common ground: Sri Lanka favors an immediate ban on unsustainable fishing practices such as bottom trawling. While Tamil Nadu fishermen want a lengthy phase-out period for the same.
- Insensitivity of Tamil Nadu Political leaders. Political leaders in Tamil Nadu fail to acknowledge that incursion into Sri Lankan waters by the State’s fishermen contribute immensely to the problem.
A comprehensive solution to end this conflict is to ban unauthorized fishing. It should be followed by the facilitation of sustainable use of resources by fishermen from both sides
Taiwan-China conflict and India’s stand on it
Recently Taiwan reported a large scale incursion in its air defence zone by Nuclear-capable Chinese bombers and fighter jets. In response, the U.S. sent an aircraft carrier strike group in the South China Sea. The US claims this as an effort to support freedom of navigation in the region.
The China-Taiwan conflict has larger regional implications. At its worst, this issue has a potential of igniting a war between the US and China. This conflict will also have implications for India.
What is the core conflict between China and Taiwan?
In China, after World War II, two political parties were formed
- The Kuomintang (KMT) or the Republic of China (Nationalist)
- The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (Communist)
Civil War broke out between two political parties in China. During the civil war, the Communist Party led by Mao Zedong won. The KMT under the leadership of Chiang Kai-shek fled to Taiwan in 1949.
The Communist Party and its leaders began ruling the Chinese Mainland as the People’s Republic of China (PRC). KMT started ruling Taiwan as the Republic of China (RoC). Both PRC and ROC disagreed on the issue that who is the legitimate governing body of China.
The PRC always maintained that it is the legitimate governing body of China. Along with that the PRC also maintain Taiwan as an inalienable part of mainland China and consider Taiwan as a breakaway province. To prove that the People’s Republic of China introduced “One country Two systems approach” and “One China Policy”.
Taiwan:
Source: Wikipedia
- It is an island on the southern coast of China.
- The maritime boundary of Taiwan includes China (officially the PRC) on the west, Japan on the Northeast, and the Philippines on the south.
- It is the 5th largest economy in Asia and a global leader in Integrated Circuit Chip manufacturing.
- Taiwan is the most populated state and largest economy that is not a member of the UN (United Nations) and WHO (World Health Organization).
- However, Taiwan is a member of WTO (World Trade Organization) and Asia-Pacific Economic Corporation (APEC) under the name of “Chinese Taipei”.
What is One Country Two system Policy?
It is a policy proposed by Deng Xiaoping. Initially, the policy aimed to restore the relationship between the Chinese mainland and Taiwan. But later expanded to include other historical Chinese territories as well (e.g. Macau and Hong Kong). It is also called the One-China Principle.
In general, the regions accepting this policy have to acclaim that there is only one China (PRC). China (PRC) will control defence and foreign Affairs of these regions. In return, the region can have economic and administrative autonomy (I.e., they can follow the capitalist economy).
But this policy has not been accepted by Taiwan. It has put forward the following conditions in front of China:
- The People’s Republic of China (PRC) has to be renamed the Republic of China (ROC).
- The Chinese mainland (The communist region) has to conduct democratic elections.
Conditions were not accepted by the People’s Republic of China.
What is One China Policy?
This is a policy to force Taiwan to sign a ‘one country two system’ policy.
Under this policy, any country willing to establish diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China must acknowledge that there is only “One China”. Apart from that the accepting country also has to cut down all formal ties (informal ties can be maintained) with Taiwan. Moreover, it can’t recognize Taiwan as an independent country.
At present Countries such as Egypt, Iran, Iraq have recognized the PRC and accepted the One China Policy. However, Countries such as the USA, India, Saudi Arabia maintain an informal relationship with Taiwan.
The countries such as Nicaragua, Honduras, Paraguay have rejected the One China Policy and have diplomatic relations with the Republic of China.
Major developments on conflict:
First, Sunflower Student Movement 2014: In 2010, the Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) was signed between ROC and PRC to boost Taiwan’s economy. This is followed by the Cross-Strait Service Trade Agreement (CSSTA). But this was opposed by students resulting in the Sunflower Movement.
Second, There is a diplomatic shift in the policy of the US and Taiwan. In recent years US engaged with Taiwan and supporting Taiwan’s membership to WHO (World Health organisation).
Third, In a recent referendum, Taiwan people rejected the proposal to rename the country’s Olympic team as Taiwan. The people voted for the team’s name to be continued as Chinese Taipei.
India’s changing position on One China Policy (OCP)?
First, In the 1950s, India was one of the first Asian countries to recognize the People’s Republic of China and its OCP. Thus, no diplomatic relations could be established with Taiwan.
Second, The Look East policy started strengthening the engagement of India with East Asian countries, including Taiwan. In 1995 India and Taiwan established complementary representative offices.
Third, India-Taiwan relations improved gradually and since 2010 India has refused to endorse the “one-China” policy. At the same time, India is not having any formal diplomatic relations with Taiwan.
India’s relationship with Taiwan:
India’s relationship with Taiwan is based on the co-operation of the two countries.
First, In the field of the economy: Both countries signed a Bilateral Investment Agreement in 2018. Apart from that both the countries also signed the “Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement” and “Customs Mutual Assistance Agreement” in 2011 to boost economic ties.
As a result of these initiatives, Bilateral trade improved from $934 million in 1995 to USD 7.5 billion in 2019
Second, Science and Technology co-operation: Taiwan is a technological giant. India and Taiwan signed an MoU for cooperation in the field of agricultural and food science; new material for sustainable energy and storage devices, health care, etc.
Taiwanese tech giant Foxconn committed a 5bn$ investment in Maharashtra.
Third, In the field of education both the countries signed a mutual degree recognition agreement (2010) in higher education. At present there are 7 Taiwan Education Centers (TEC) has been set up in various universities in India.
Fourth, Apart from that Taiwan and India also involve in Cultural engagement like screening Taiwan films in film festivals of India, etc.
Way forward:
India can engage more actively with Taiwan for reasons like,
First, Taiwan is a technological giant and India’s present challenges can be solved to a greater extent by engaging with Taiwan.
- For example: India can achieve Make in India, ”“Digital India,” “Skill India,” and “Startup India” initiatives with active engagement with Taiwan
Second, closer Economic and Political ties with Taiwan may be the counter China-Pakistan Nexus. India can better leverage China’s territorial claims on Aksai Chin and engagement in Gilgit Baltistan by maintaining closer relations with Taiwan.
Despite there is an ongoing tussle between China and Taiwan, India being Non-aligned with any one of them. India continuing a mutual relationship with Taiwan without harming the relationship with China. It is high time for China to respect the same
Vaccine Diplomacy | Myanmar, Mauritius and Seychelles receive Covishield
Why in News?
India has sent shipments of Covishield vaccines to Myanmar, Mauritius, and Seychelles under its ‘Vaccine Maitri’ (vaccine diplomacy) drive.
- Vaccine diplomacy: It is the branch of global health diplomacy in which a nation uses the development or delivery of vaccines to strengthen ties with other nations.
Read More – Significance of Vaccine Diplomacy
India’s Vaccine Diplomacy:
- Bhutan, Maldives, Bangladesh, and Nepal have already received their Covishield vaccines from India.
- In the cases of Sri Lanka and Afghanistan, India is awaiting confirmation of necessary regulatory clearances.
- India has also carried out capacity building and training workshops for neighbouring countries.
- However, the only exception to India’s vaccine diplomacy is Pakistan which has not been named as a neighbouring country for vaccine delivery.
Source: Indian Express
Vaccine diplomacy
Synopsis: India’s Vaccine diplomacy will raise India’s Stature at the global arena.
Background:
- Till now, India has supplied Covid19 vaccines to Maldives, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal, Myanmar and Seychelles. The initial supplies of Covid19 vaccines have been sent free of cost.
- It is expected that India will be distributing vaccines to other countries including Sri Lanka and Afghanistan.
- By supplying vaccines at quick interval, India has delivered on the commitments it made to these countries.
What is the significance of Vaccine diplomacy?
First, it will lead to new kind of diplomacy based on the common good and common interests of the South Asian people.
Second, India’s prevailing good reputation over manufacturing medicines will only increase in the south Asian region. This will increase the scope of Medical tourism in India.
Third, Sale of Covid19 vaccines will be economically beneficial. For example, Countries such as Myanmar and Bangladesh have started negotiating for commercial agreements with manufacturers for more quantities.
What is the way forward?
India should refrain from entering into contest with China for supply of vaccines to its Neighbours. Because,
- First, Vaccines are a global common good.
- Second, the demand for anti-COVID 19 immunization across the world is increasing. it is the responsibility of all countries with the capability to manufacture the vaccine to make it available equitably to all.
- Third, Immunization is in every country’s interest, as it is crucial to restore the movement of people and goods across nations, to build a global immunity prior to COVID19 situation.
Why Chinese forces are weakening?
Syllabus Topic – International Relations – India and its neighborhood
Synopsis: In the beginning of this year, Chinese President Xi Jinping instructed his armed forces to be “combat-ready to act at any second”. However, in reality Chinese forces are facing too many inside challenges.
Why China is becoming aggressive?
First, Policies of new US President Joe Biden favours freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea and Taiwan straits. By this aggression, China wants to show its confidence and military preparedness in response to new U.S. policies.
Secondly, China is preparing for possible military conflicts due to its aggression in South China Sea, Taiwan and Ladakh.
Thirdly, after a series of setbacks in Ladakh, China’s Western Theatre Command (WTC) has realised that it is still not well prepared. It suffered a high number of casualties in the June 15 Galwan valley clash. Moreover, the Indian Army also captured the strategic mountainous heights at Rezang La and other passes.
Reasons for poor performance of Western Theatre Command (WTC) in Ladakh
As mentioned above, Chinese WTC forces were outperformed by Indian troops in Ladakh. It brought many weaknesses of WTC in light, i.e.
- Chinese troops have not faced any combat for the last 41 years. They crumbled when faced with strong opposition by Indian forces.
- Chinese forces are facing promotion related issues. It has negatively affected their morale.
- For example; many senior officers are not getting promotions due to doubt over their loyalty to Mr Xi.
- Chinese soldiers are not able to face the extreme high-altitude climate.
- Recently, 10,000 troops from the WTC were moved to lower locations due to fatigue and other complications.
Issues facing Chinese forces
- Firstly, Promotions in Chinese army are based on the loyalty to Chinese President Xi.
- Secondly, most of the recruitment are forced due to the policy of compulsory military service. Personnel forced into military lack of motivation to fight a war.
- Third, the Chinese army is more of a political force and lack professionalism.
- Fourth, the concept of Joint Theatre Command has been introduced to promote to deal with regional threats. This idea is not feasible due to lack of coordination between different Chinese forces.
Chinese forces have shown too much aggression everywhere recently, but in reality, it is suffering from many issues from inside.
New transition in India-Nepal relations
Synopsis: Recent Joint Commission Meeting in Delhi was a positive development for bilateral relations of India and Nepal.
Introduction
The Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nepal, Pradeep Kumar Gyawali visited New Delhi for the sixth meeting of the India-Nepal Joint Commission.
What was discussed in the meeting?
In this joint meeting discussions on the following project and assistance took place. It will strengthen India-Nepal relations: –
- India assured an early delivery of vaccines to Nepal, in its fight against the pandemic.
- Cross-border rail connectivity projects, including a possible Raxaul-Kathmandu wide-scale railway line, were discussed.
- Further easing of cross-border movement of people and goods through ICPs was discussed.
- Integrated Check Posts (ICPs) at Birgunj and Biratnagar were inaugurated recently. These ICPs have helped in the smooth association of people and trade.
- These ICPs will ease trade and transit for Nepal, since it is dependent on India’s seaports for majority of trade.
- Nepal has shown support for India’s permanent membership of an expanded UN Security Council (UNSC) to redirect the changed balance of power.
However, India declined Nepal’s request of including boundary issues in the commission meeting. India suggested finding a fresh mechanism for that purpose.
What are the possible reasons behind this positive development?
- India is not getting involved in any internal political conflict of Nepal and willing for deeper engagement with all sections. It has sent a positive signal in Nepal.
- After a brief period of friction, PM Oli is himself trying to reach India now. This policy change is also a result of China’s hyper-interventionism in Nepal’s politics.
Way forward
With the increasing demand for restoring the monarchy, Nepal cannot afford to enter another round of political volatility. India has always played a positive role in Nepal, a good India-Nepal bilateral relation in this regard is mutually beneficial.
Vaccine Maitri: India Vaccine diplomacy exercise
Why in News?
India will officially start its vaccine diplomacy with the name “Vaccine Maitri” under its Neighborhood First policy.
- Vaccine Diplomacy: It is the use of vaccines to increase a country’s diplomatic relationship with other countries.
Key Features of Vaccine Maitri
- India will supply Made-in-India Covid-19 vaccines to its neighboring and key partner countries Under its Neighborhood First policy.
- Bhutan and Maldives will be the first to get the vaccines followed by Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar and Seychelles.
- Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Mauritius will also get doses once they give necessary regulatory approvals.
- Pakistan has not been named as a neighboring country which will get the vaccine.
- Vaccine will be Supplied to the partner countries in a phased manner, keeping in mind the demand.
Earlier Diplomacy measures by India:
- India had earlier supplied Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir and Paracetamol tablets as well as diagnostic kits, ventilators, masks, gloves and other medical supplies to a large number of countries during the pandemic.
- Under the Partnerships for Accelerating Clinical Trials(PACT) programme, India has also provided training to several neighbouring countries to enhance and strengthen their clinical capabilities
Additional Facts:
- PACT programme: It has been launched for supporting COVID-19 vaccine development activities in partnering countries.
- The initiative is being implemented by Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council(BIRAC) and Clinical Development Services Agency(CDSA) under the aegis of the National Biopharma Mission and Ind-CEPI Mission of DBT.
Kalapani territorial dispute between India and Nepal resurfaced
Synopsis:
Kalapani territory is one of the major disputed border areas between India and Nepal. But the dispute is not yet resolved by mutual terms and usually resurface time and again. In this article, you can read about the details of the dispute and the steps that India should take.
Introduction: Present development
Nepal has raised the Kalapani boundary dispute during the recent Joint commission meeting with India.
Dispute intensified in November 2019, when India published a revised political map after the reorganization of J&K, depicting Kalapani as the region of India.
Nepal immediately issued an objection to the map. Nepal government released a map mentioning Kalapani -Lipulekh- Limpiyadhura as a territory of the Darchula district of Sudurpashchim province of Nepal.
About Kalapani territory
Kalapani is the eastern most region of the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand, administered by India.
It is located at the China-Nepal-India tri-junction and is a strategically important area. So Kalapani was regarded as an ‘observation zone’ for troops. For example, by stationing Indian troops at Kalapani, India can observe the movement of the Chinese troops and push them back if required.
Apart from that, Kalapani serves as an important pass for the Kailash Mansarovar route.
Since 1962, Kalapani has been guarded by the Indian security forces. But According to Nepal, King Mahendra with the helping tendency offered Kalapani to India temporarily for security purposes during the 1962 India-China war.
This debate intensified in the 1990s after Nepal restored its democracy.
What is Kalapani Dispute? Historical aspects and conflicting claims by both the countries
The key reason for the Kalapani dispute is the disagreement between India and Nepal over the origin of River Kali, flowing through Kalapani region.
British India signed the Treaty of Sugauli with the Kingdom of Nepal after the Anglo-Nepalese War in 1816. In this treaty, they demarcated the Kali River as Nepal’s western boundary with British India.
But the source of Kali has become a main cause of contention.
River Kali is known as ‘Kali’ at the upper reaches, ‘Mahakali’ at the middle portion and ‘Sarjoo’ or ‘Gogra’ at the lower areas. This aggravates the confusion about where it belongs
The two contrasting views:
Nepal’s stand:
Nepal was of the view that the river which flows to the west of Kalapani is the main River Kali. They also believe that River Kali was originating at either Limpiyadhura or the nearby Lipulekh pass, which are both within the Nepalese territory.
India’s stand:
- India believes that the River Kali originated from a smaller rivulet named Pankhagad. It was lying on the southern portion of Kalapani. Hence it is the true border, and the territory was lying in India.
- The revenue and administrative records of the nineteenth century showed Kalapani as a part of India.
Other territorial disputes between India and Nepal
The disagreements between India and Nepal are not limited to Kalapani but also the other areas like Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura, and Susta;
Susta region:
- It is a fertile area consist of alluvial soil located in the Terai regions West Champaran district, Bihar of India.
- Susta region is located on the banks of the Gandak river. The Gandak river is also called as the Narayani river in Nepal.
- During the 1816 Treaty of Sugauli, the west side of the Gandak river belongs to Nepal and the Eastern part of the river belongs to India.
- But due to frequent change of course by the Gandak river, the Susta region at present belongs to the Eastern part (I.e., belongs to India). This is not accepted by Nepal.
Lipulekh and Limpiyadhura region:
- Both Lipulekh and Limpayadhura (Limpiya pass) located on the Nepal-Tibet border
- Lipulekh Pass connects the Indian state of Uttarakhand with the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. Lipulekh is the shortest route to reach Taklakot, a Tibetan township of China.
- Nepal claims that the Indian army has encroached on both regions during the 1962 territorial offering of King Mahendra.
Solutions:
First, In the 1980s, both countries set up a Joint Technical Level Boundary Working Group. It succeeded in the demarcation of all territories except Kalapani and Susta. Both governments have to create such a joint working group to resolve the dispute.
Second, establishing a permanent mechanism to reduce the disputes further so that the disasters caused by the rivers and floods in the regions of India-Nepal can be mitigated effectively.
Third, India has to convey to Nepal’s leadership about the friendly environment that 6 to 8 million Nepali citizens living in India and the benefits of open borders enjoyed by citizens of both countries.
Fourth, Mutual respect is the key: The Nepal government has to broaden the view and has to stop the territorial nationalism and pulling out the China card whenever they negotiate with India.
Way forward:
The India-Nepal relationship is a unique relationship, built by friendship and cooperation with cultural and civilizational links. The border dispute is one of the important issues to solve to take ahead India and Nepal relations to another level. But to be successful forgetting the mistakes and claims of past along with a fresh start is key to both the countries.
New opportunities for India in Afghanistan
Synopsis: Change of power in the US has provided India with an opportunity to re-engage with Afghanistan.
Introduction
- The National Security Advisor(NSA) Ajit Doval paid a 2-day visit to Kabul. It was the first trip to Afghanistan, by a top Indian official, since the start of Doha Talks between Taliban and Afghan republic representatives.
- Both sides discussed efforts for building regional consensus on supporting peace in Afghanistan and counter-terrorism cooperation.
What has been the course of events in Afghanistan?
- The US has agreed to withdraw all its troops from Afghanistan after an agreement with the Taliban.
- Although the dialogues between the Taliban and the Kabul delegation were still ongoing, President Ashraf Ghani is suspicious of Taliban’s intentions. It is due to Taliban’s refusal of a ceasefire and a high level of violence.
Now the Presidency in the US is changed. It will be tough foreign policy tasks for the Biden Administration, to take onward the Afghan process started under the Trump government.
Why are India’s stakes in the Afghanistan Peace process?
The main concern of India is linked to Pakistan’s involvement in the process;
- First, Pakistan has been key to bring the Taliban to the talks table. Thus, at present, it has an upper hand compared to India.
- Second, Pakistan’s intelligence agency has friendly relations with the Taliban and the Haqqani network.
What Opportunities does India have to increase its presence?
The Change of power in the US has provided an opportunity to both India and the Afghan government, to raise apprehensions about the Afghan process to Washington.
- Firstly, Kabul will pressure for the conditions for talks that the Taliban must agree to a ceasefire. Afghan Foreign Minister is looking for India’s help in this.
- Secondly, the new administration in the US is expected to be more sensitive to the concerns of other participants in Afghanistan. For example, concerns of women and rights groups about the return of the Taliban.
- Thirdly, External Affairs Minister of India said that Delhi might increase “military assistance” to Afghanistan.
Way forward
- Now is the right time for India to increase its presence in the Afghan peace process. India should rethink the “temporary” closure of the Indian consulates in Afghanistan.
Importance of Reviving SAARC
Synopsis- SAARC has become dysfunctional and not able to meet since las 6 years. Reviving SAARC is crucial for countering common challenges in the region, amid COVID pandemic.
Introduction
- The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of nations in South Asia founded in 1985 with 7 member nations.
- The group was established to promote regional economic growth through active collaboration. But in past years there has been deadlock type condition especially due to India-Pakistan conflict.
- In 2016, the Summit schedule in Pakistan got canceled in the backdrop of the terrorist attack in Pathankot and Uri. Since then, no SAARC meeting has been held.
Why SAARC failed?
The last physical SAARC summit was held in 2014 and subsequently, summits could not be held after that. The reasons for a dysfunctional SAARC are;
- First, India-Pakistan bilateral relations–Enmity between India and Pakistan is one of the main reasons why SAARC is not prospering. This long-standing conflict has impacted other meeting of SAARC as well, making it easier for member countries, as well as international agencies, to deal with South Asia as a fragmented group.
- Second, the novel coronavirus pandemic and China’s aggressions at the Line of Actual Control (LAC) put a new spotlight and shadows for SAARC meeting.
India’s position on not attending SAARC is particularly confusing. It has been attending SCO meeting even after clashes with China and engaged with Nepal even after boundary related issues.
Why reviving SAARC can be helpful in countering the common challenges?
- Pandemic Challenges–.
- First, South Asia’s experience of the pandemic has been very unique. The COVID-19 has provided a window for introspection and for scaling up preparedness for inevitable pandemics in the future.
- Second, a Collaborative approach is also necessary for the distribution and further trials needs for the vaccine as well as developing cold storage chain.
- Third, the pandemic’s impact on South Asian economies– The economic consequences of COVID -19 on South Asia are proving to be even greater than the health Challenges in the region.
- China’s Factor in SAARC– Amid India- China border tensions, as part of its global expansionism, China is chipping away at India’s interests in South Asia, a unified South Asian platform remains India’s most potent countermeasure.
- China expanding footprints in South Asia by investments in trade, tourism, BRI, and other programs should be given attention. All SAARC members except Bhutan, are Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) partners of China will be hard placed to help individually.
- Only a matter of time before china, it may hold a meeting of all SAARC countries except minus India and Bhutan for they are all part of the BRI, and even that they will be invited to join RCEP, which India declined.
Way forward
- To make SAARC more effective the organization must be reformed and member countries must reach a consensus regarding the changes required.
- The tragedy of Covid-19 provided an opportunity for India to demonstrate its compassionate face to secure a region at peace with itself
- In dealing with the challenge from China too, both at India’s borders and in its neighborhood, a unified South Asian platform remains India’s most potent countermeasure.
Diplomatic practices
Synopsis: India is unwilling to interfere in the political turmoil of Kathmandu and Beijing on the other hand is making efforts to preserve the unity of ruling party in Nepal. Stances of both the countries are very different from their traditional foreign policies.
Introduction
Interventions in the happenings of neighbouring countries have been a permanent feature of Indian and Chinese foreign policy.
- China’s intervention in Nepal is a part of its interventionist strategy across Asia and beyond.
- Big nations like China and India always interfere in other nations but ward off possible threats to their own sovereignty. For example, India countered intensely the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s comments on the farmers’ distress.
On what factors does India’s national sovereignty depend upon?
The national sovereignty has always depended on the ability of the nation to secure it by its widespread national power. Big nations tend to intervene more, and the smaller ones find ways to manage this through the politics of balancing against their large neighbours.
- First, India has to carefully manage the unavoidable and active interaction between the domestic political processes of India and its neighbours.
- Active and direct intervention in the domestic politics of neighbours must be a sensible exemption rather than the rule in India’s regional diplomacy.
- Second, the bitter past of partition leave the domestic political connotations of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan knotted together and complicate their relations as distinct sovereign bodies.
- Third, the concept of national sovereignty and effectiveness of third-party intervention is limited by circumstance. Outside mediations in the domestic politics of neighbours are rarely successful and yield unplanned penalties.
What are the steps to be taken?
It is extremely hard for even the most powerful nations to make the smallest states agree to do what is right on issues such as democratic governance, minority rights and federalism.
- India can only encourage and not force Colombo and Kathmandu to respect the rights of Tamils and Madhesis but given the complex web of linkages across South Asian borders, Delhi can’t avoid dealing with these challenging issues either.
- India should try to be a dependable partner and reliable friend and should be committed to strengthening bilateral ties “on the basis of mutual trust, mutual interest, mutual respect and mutual sensitivity” as promised by the minister of external affairs to the political leaders in Sri Lanka.
Way forward
- Delhi’s constant quest of this agenda could help India in managing the multifarious dynamic with its neighbours a little better.
India’s counter-coercive strategy against China
Synopsis: India has done quite well in countering Chinese moves in eastern Ladakh with its coercive strategy.
Introduction
There is an opportunity for middle powers like India to redefine their position in the world order as decline and rise of Chinese and American powers continue.
- Alexander L. George, an American political scientist, is best known for his work on coercive diplomacy. The happenings in eastern Ladakh can be understood with reference to four variations of coercive diplomacy:
- A gradual turning of the screw.
- A try-and-see.
- A tacit ultimatum.
- A full-fledged ultimatum.
How the four variations of coercive diplomacy were used in the border standoff?
- China attempted to alter the existing status quo in eastern Ladakh, this resembled gradually turning the screw and then waiting to see India’s reaction.
- India adopted a try and see approach. India wanted to engage in mild forms of coercion that involved the building up of forces to achieve parity on the ground.
- IAF was displaying its capabilities in Ladakh indicating that India wanted PLA to restore the status quo without any threats.
After India failed to compel the PLA to withdraw by mid-july, it had two options according to Alexander George’s escalatory ladder:
- First, India could have issued an indirect or tacit ultimatum that would involve an unspoken and firmly controlled tactical action, by this means signifying resolve and intent.
- Second, it could issue a full-fledged ultimatum followed by multi-dimensional military action that could lead to a limited conflict.
What approach did India took to handle china?
At the operational and strategic level, the Chinese did not expect the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force to mobilise and get into their operational roles at high altitude with effortlessness.
- Indian Army lowered the psychological high ground gained by Chinese by occupying key heights overlooking Chinese PLA.
- At the strategic level, India’s political establishment did not push the panic button and synergised politico-diplomatic-military approach was adopted.
Conclusion
- India has militarily recovered well, diplomatically played ruthlessly and strategically postured skilfully in spite of the restrictions of the ongoing pandemic. However, it is too early to predict the course of events; it can only be fair to say that India has done well in countering Chinese coercion in Ladakh with its own brand of counter-coercion.
Approach of India and China on Nepal’s political crisis
Synopsis: Beijing and New Delhi are adopting different approach towards China after Nepal’s prime minister decided to dissolve Parliament.
Background:
The Supreme Court has given Mr. Oli some time to explain his actions. It is yet to decide on putting a stay on the election process.
- Ever since Nepal adopted its new Constitution in 2015, there have been quite a few instances where politics has reached a tipping point.
- One of the examples is, Mr. Dahal’s walk out of a coalition government with Mr. Oli in 2016.
What is China’s stance?
- Beijing’s sent a senior delegation of the Communist Party of China to Kathmandu shortly after Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli’s decision to dissolve Parliament. It indicates that China is prepared to interfere in Nepal’s politics.
- Chinese delegation met political leaders of Nepal with a definite task of trying to reverse the split in the party and convince Mr. Oli and his rivals to patch up.
- This move of Chinese government flickered protests in Kathmandu. Though China is at a risk of losing popular goodwill in Nepal due to this move, it is equally surprising that both groups in Nepal were willing to meet the Chinese delegation.
What is India’s stance?
It is evident that India is not playing its traditional leading role in Nepal but it is also not facing hatred for spoiling the situation.
Read Also : Current affairs for upsc
- India has a historical understanding of the main players in Nepali politics; thus, it has chosen to be more logical and controlled.
- Mr. Oli and Mr. Dahal, both reached out to India and are engaging with the government about the happenings in Nepal.
- Mr Oli reached out to India months after the map controversy.
- Mr. Dahal has been a close Indian confederate during this period.
The present positive situation gives New Delhi a little more space to consider its moves, to bring instability. Stability in Nepal’s polity is crucial for their better relations with India in the long term as their prosperity is closely interlinked.
India and its Neighbourhood-Relations
India and its Neighbourhood-Relations:-
Synopsis: The two-front challenge long ignored by India has become a reality, therefore there is an urgent need to develop both the doctrine and the capability to deal this threat.
Why India didn’t perceive the two-front challenge as a real possibility for long?
The collusive China-Pakistan military threat (i.e., China-Pakistan military are working in cooperation to contain India on the northern borders) on Indian borders is known as the two-front challenge.
- BeforeGalwan Issue too, Indian military was firmly believed that the two-front challenge as a real possibility, but the political class and the country’s strategic community called this threat as an issue, over-hyped by the military to justify the demand for additional resources and funds.
- As per them, China has never intervened militarily in any India-Pakistan conflict and the presence of strong economic, diplomatic, and political ties between India and China will prevent the rise of conflict between the two countries.
- As a result, Indian strategic thinking was overwhelmingly focused on Pakistan, as a real threat on the border.
Why, the two front challenge is seen as a reality now?
Present developments are enough evidences to perceive that the two front threat has become a real concern for India now.
- The most recent Chinese intrusions in Ladakh, the violent clashes between the Indian Army and the People’s Liberation Army, and the deadlock in negotiations have now made the Chinese military threat more apparent and real.
- On the other hand, the situation along theLine of Control (LoC) with Pakistan has been steadily deteriorating. For example, between 2017 and 2019, there has been a four-fold increase in ceasefire violations.
- Also, according to Some media reports, Pakistan had moved 20,000 troops intoGilgit-Baltistan, matching the Chinese deployments in Eastern Ladakh which signifies that the China-Pakistan military are working in cooperation to contain India.
- Apart from this, the Military cooperation between the two countries have strengthened. For example,
- China accounting for 73% of the total arms import of Pakistan between 2015-2019.
- Shaheen IX Pakistan-China joint exercise to improve combat capacity of both air forces and to enhance interoperability between them.
What type of capabilities that India should built up to counter it?
- First, India needs to develop both the doctrine and the capability to deal with this contingency.
- For Doctrine development,a close interaction with the political leadership is required as any doctrine without a political aim and guidance cannot stand the test when executed.
- Moreover, a detailed assessment of China and Pakistan’s war-fighting strategies needs to be done to strike the right balance in our approach to contain the two-front situation.
- On the other hand, India needs to build its capability with more focus on future technologies such as robotics, artificial intelligence, cyber, electronic warfare, etc.
- A financial solution for allocation of quantum of resources required by air force and military should also be developed so that in the times of need India can engage both the states.
- Second, we need to improve relations with our neighbors through Diplomacy to contain the two-front challenge.
- On the eastern front, India’s new Maritime strategies such as the QUAD and the Indo-Pacific might not be helpful in easing the Sino-Pakistan pressure on the continental sphere. So, it’s crucial for India to focus on gaining the trust of our neighbors.
- On western front, India should strengthen its relationship with key powers in West Asia, including Iran to ensure energy security, increase maritime cooperation and enhance goodwill in the extended neighborhood.
- On the northern front, India must ensure that its relationship with Russia is not compromised for good India-United States relations as Russia could play a key role in defusing the severity of a regional gang up against India.
- Third, a well-planned empathetic political outreach to Kashmiraimed at addressing the issues facing the people of Kashmir would be helpful in easing the pressure from either front.
- It will be helpful in potential reconciliation with Pakistan’s to persuade it to put an end to terrorist infiltration into Kashmir.
- Politically, India should do well to reduce the effect of a collusive Sino-Pakistan containment strategy aimed at India.
India sends flood support to Vietnam under Mission Sagar III
Source: PIB
News: Indian Naval Ship Kiltan arrived at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam as part of Mission Sagar-III.
Facts:
- What is Mission Sagar? It was launched by the Indian government as a part of India’s Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) assistance to Friendly Foreign Countries during the ongoing pandemic.
Various phases of Mission Sagar:
- Mission Sagar-I: It was undertaken in May-June 2020, wherein India reached out to Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and Comoros, and provided food aid and medicines.
- Mission Sagar-II: As part of Mission Sagar-II, Indian Naval Ship Airavat has delivered food aid to Sudan, South Sudan, Djibouti and Eritrea.
- Mission Sagar-III: As part of Mission Sagar-III, Indian Navy Ship Kiltan delivered 15 Tonnes Of Aid To Vietnam For Flood Relief.
Significance: These deployments are also in consonance with the Prime Minister’s vision of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR).
Additional Facts:
- Security and Growth of All in the Region(SAGAR) in the Indian Ocean(SAGAR): The term was coined by the Indian Prime Minister in 2015.
Key Elements of SAGAR:
- Enhancing capacities to safeguard land and maritime territories and interests.
- Deepening economic and security cooperation in the littoral.
- Promoting collective action to deal with natural disasters and maritime threats like piracy, terrorism and emergent non-state actors.
- Working towards sustainable regional development through enhanced collaboration.
- Engaging with countries beyond our shores with the aim of building greater trust and promoting respect for maritime rules, norms and peaceful resolution of disputes.
India – Nepal relations- Present challenges and solutions
India – Nepal relations– Present challenges and solutions
Sources: Pax Indica, The Diplomat, RSTV Big Picture
This article on India Nepal relations – present challenges and silutions has been developed based on The Hindu editorial “Nepal in turmoil”.
India and Nepal share a unique relationship, both of them share friendship and cooperation underpinned by linguistic, cultural and civilizational links, along with a wide range of commercial and economic ties, and above they are linked with extensive people-to-people contacts.
Historical relationship between India – Nepal:
Firstly, the bedrock of the India-Nepal relationship was the India-Nepal treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950. Under this treaty, Nepal became the only country whose nationals required no passports to cross into India.
Few important information of India-Nepal treaty of Peace and Friendship 1950:
- India-Nepal Treaty was signed after Nepal feared the Chinese threat as the Chinese occupied Tibet. The treaty has an explicit reference to threats from third countries, which both countries would tackle by cooperation.
- The treaty extended rights to residence, employment and purchase of property to each other’s citizens reciprocally – in other words, it extended ‘national treatment’ by each country to the other’s citizens.
Secondly, Buddha’s birthplace is in Nepal and also Nepal is the only other Hindu majority country in the world. So cultural and religious visits between India-Nepal is so strong.
Thirdly, the Ministry of External Affairs termed India-Nepal relations as Roti-Beti ka Rishta (Relationship of food and marriage) as the open border enabled kinship, familial ties in the terai region. There are six million to eight million Nepalis who live and work in India, according to Indian home ministry estimates.
Fourthly, the 1996 trade treaty resulted in the phenomenal growth of bilateral trade, which witnessed a sevenfold increase in a decade (Nepal’s exports to India increased eleven times and Indian exports to Nepal increased six times).
Fifthly, the 2009 revised trade treaty has retained the positive features of the 1996 treaty and further enhanced bilateral trade between India-Nepal.
Sixthly, Defence and Humanitarian relations were provided greatly by India, as Nepal is landlocked and geographically prone to disasters being situated in the Himalayan region.
Read also:-Current Affairs 2020-2021
What are the challenges in India-Nepal relations?
India-Nepal relations often swung between two extremes much quickly. There are a few underlying reasons for it.
Firstly, the Constitutional question on Madhesi’s: In general, Madhesi’s section of People lives throughout the southern part of the Terai region and has much closer ties with India. The challenges in this regard are,
- The political rights of Madhesi’s section of people were diluted in their new Constitution promulgated in 2015 which led to wider protests and blockade in Nepal led to the blocking of oil and other essential supplies.
- Nepal government accused India of supporting Madhesi’s and stated India is interfering in the internal matters of Nepal. Nepal raised the issue in a “trade blockade” at the UN in October 2015. But Madesi’s protest was a spontaneous movement and it had nothing to do with India.
- One of the foremost scholars, Professor S.D. Muni points out major challenges with the Nepal government as,
- India’s fears that a Constitution drafted under assertive Maoist leadership may not be compatible with the democratic profile of Nepal.
- India’s also fears that the Maoists were inclined to and capable of changing Nepal’s domestic power equations.
The recent decision of Nepal Prime Minister dissolving the lower house has created a new political crisis altogether.
Secondly, China’s closeness with Nepal and the Influence of China in India-Nepal relations is a cause of concern.
- Nepal is a landlocked state that has relied much on India for major supplies, transit and transport. India-Nepal Blockade changed the perception completely.
- The Nepal earthquake in 2015 was the perfect time for China to make massive investments in infrastructure like Tibet Railway, many highway projects, access to Chinese ports etc. By the end of 2016, China became the major assistance provider of Nepal.
- Hydel co-operation, Fuel and Humanitarian assistance from China has increased many folds. For example, China pledged to provide 1.4 million liters of fuel and planned to construct 750 MW West–Seti Dam project.
- Nepal also supports China’s Belt and Road Initiative and the China-Nepal relations so far is stable to some extent.
Thirdly, the boundary dispute between India-Nepal: About 1850 km boundary line between India-Nepal faces two major boundary disputes.
- Kalapani dispute: Kalapani is the disputed territory in the Uttarakhand state of India. The British government has set the origin of River Kali as the western border of Nepal. But the origin of the river Kali is disputed between India-Nepal. While India uses the newer British survey, Nepal wants the area to be demarcated based on the older British survey.
New map of Nepal was notified in June 2020 with Kalapani in Nepal (Source) - Susta Dispute: Susta is another disputed territory located in the Terai regions of India. (Source)
- Kalapani dispute: Kalapani is the disputed territory in the Uttarakhand state of India. The British government has set the origin of River Kali as the western border of Nepal. But the origin of the river Kali is disputed between India-Nepal. While India uses the newer British survey, Nepal wants the area to be demarcated based on the older British survey.
Fourthly, the challenges relating to the open border. The border is notoriously porous. Being provided special status to Nepal, India’s internal security faced many challenges such as
- The Pakistani militants using Nepalese territory as a hideout and base for infiltration into India. The Ministry of Home Affairs in its Annual Report 1999–2000 highlighted this Pakistani involvement in Nepal and its security implications in India.
- The Nepalese Maoists have extended support and cooperation to the Indian Maoists and carving out a Compact Revolutionary Zone, a ‘Revolutionary Corridor’ spreading from Nepal through Bihar and up to Andhra Pradesh.
- Apart from these the open borders have also created challenges such as pumping fake Indian currency notes, human trafficking especially young girls and women, cattle smuggling, etc.
Thus, India’s external and internal challenges converge, and make ties with Nepal of extreme importance and swung between extremes.
What are the solutions to improve India-Nepal relations?
Firstly, focus based approach is necessary not only in India-Nepal relations but also for other countries in the region by giving more focus towards Neighbourhood first policy.
- India should leverage the strategic influence, faster and effective implementation of infrastructure and development projects in Nepal.
For Ex. Finalising the projects such as Pancheshwar multipurpose project and faster completion of cross-border rail projects such as Jayanagar-Bijalpur–Bardibas, Jogbani-Biratnagar. - In 2018 Indian PM asked to shift focus on 5T’s (Tradition, Trade, Tourism, Technology and Transport) to boost the relations.
- India should leverage the strategic influence, faster and effective implementation of infrastructure and development projects in Nepal.
Secondly, India can focus on “aid diplomacy” to reduce the trust deficit and also has to continue with post-earthquake reconstruction assistance. Later deepening co-operation in areas like trade, water resources, energy co-operation, etc.
Thirdly, regarding China’s influence, Experts believe that Nepal’s nearest ports will always be in India and the Gangetic plain will remain its largest market. This is because,
- The economic feasibility of Chinese trans-Himalayan trade and the infrastructure projects are low, especially when the Himalayan state Bhutan supports India and Nepal is the only other Himalayan state.
- Though China provides access to Nepal for its seaports, they are situated more than 3,000 km away.
All this can sum up by the words of geostrategist, Brahma Chellany. He said, “China can replace India as Nepal’s main provider of essential supplies only by moving the Himalayas southward”. But the ability of the Chinese in project implementation and financial assistance cannot be under estimated.
Fourthly, establishing a permeant mechanism to reduce the disasters caused by floods in the regions of India-Nepal.
Fifthly, Mutual respect is the key: The Nepal government has to move away from narrow terms and shift focus towards broadening and inclusion of demands from all sections of society in the Constitution. Nepal also has to stop the rhetoric on territorial nationalism and pulling out China card whenever they negotiate with India.
Way forward:
India-Nepal relations have all the potential to move ahead and become mutually reliable commercial and economic ties, and extensive people-to-people ties only when India and Nepal forget the avoid past mistakes and move ahead to become sustainable.
Reasons behind Nepal’s political crisis and India’s stance
Context: PM Oli’s decision to opt for fresh elections by dissolving the lower house has created a new political crisis in Nepal.
What is the current crisis in Nepal?
- Nepal Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli’s move to dissolve the Lower House of Parliament, in order to counter the discord within the ruling party and a challenge to his leadership, has precipitated a constitutional crisis.
- The President Bidya Devi Bhandari has signed off on the cabinet recommendation to dissolve the Nepalese Parliament and called for fresh elections in April-May, next year.
- Reactions:
- The decision has triggered pro-democracy protests.
- The local newspapers have described the move as “treachery” and “coup de grace on Parliamentary democracy”.
- Several petitions challenging the move have been filed in the Supreme Court.
- The Nepalese constitution doesn’t have a clear provision regarding house dissolution. Thus, the street protests and anger against the move doubtless creates pressure on the judicial proceedings.
An adverse decision on the dissolution of Parliament by the Supreme Court and given the loss of credibility in the Constitutional office would create a constitutional chaos further chaos is expected in the days to come.
Why did the prime minister take such a decision?
- Reluctance to share power: Even after winning the elections of 2015 in coalition, PM Oli was reluctant to share powers with coalition leaders.
- Fundamental differences: It was a historic opportunity for the NCP, especially for the prime minister, to navigate the young democracy out of its many crises. But the merger did not dissolve the fundamental differences between the NCP’s two groups.
- For instance, for several years, Oli had demanded that the Maoists under Pushpa Kamal Dahal be held accountable for war crimes, including the killings of CPN-UML cadres.
- Misplaced objectives: The prime objectives at the formation of the new constitution were to address the concerns of Madhesi groups and strengthen Nepal’s institutions. But the focus was on the consolidation of power, gathering support by adopting anti India postures and cosying up to China.
What should be India’s stance in such a situation?
- Nepal is organically linked to India’s anti-colonial struggle with leaders such as BP Koirala having spent years in prison with Jagjivan Ram and Rajendra Prasad.
- India has rebooted its diplomatic outreach with a series of high-profile visits to Kathmandu. This has resulted in the resumption of air travel and fast-tracking of the railway line between Kathmandu to Raxaul in Bihar.
- A fresh popular cry for democracy presents an opportunity for India to showcase its historical partnership in Nepal’s transition to democracy.
- Ties with Nepal are critical to India for strategic influence in the Himalayas.
- Thus, India should adopt a strategy of detached pragmatism rather than proactive involvement, given the crisis period in Nepal.
India and Bangladesh
Context: Recent inauguration of an 11-km rail link between West Bengal and Bangladesh marks the slow but steady effort by Delhi and Dhaka to overcome the negative consequences of the Partition of the subcontinent.
How economic dissociation started in the Indian subcontinent?
- The political Partition in 1947, which created Pakistan, did not immediately lead to economic dissociation.
- After the 1965 war, dissociation begun when the borders between India and Pakistan closed down.
- It made increasingly hard for the movement of goods and people.
- The subcontinent turned inward in its economic orientation.
- Countries in the region de-emphasized transborder connectivity.
- Political difficulties in both capitals also prevented Delhi and Dhaka from restoring the lost connectivity, even after they recognized its economic importance.
How India-Bangladesh relations evolved amidst dissociation in the subcontinent?
- Over the last decade, political ties between India and Bangladesh have improved due to systematic effort which helped in restoring the natural connectivity between West Bengal, Bangladesh and India’s Northeast.
- The recent joint statement issued after Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Sheikh Hasina met virtually outlines a list of initiatives to deepen cooperation.
- Bilateral Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement outlines a host of areas for cooperation, from strengthening river water transport to managing a transboundary elephant corridor and from trade liberalisation to the setting up of a CEO forum.
- Both countries are also raising their ambitions for regional connectivity with Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar and Thailand.
What are the immediate concerns?
- India has not demonstrated the same sensitivity to the tragedy of the post-Partition movement of people across borders.
- There is political impact of people’s movement on ethnic and religious balances in the east.
What should India do?
- India need to be careful in addressing the challenges posed by migration as India prepares to implement the Citizenship Amendment Act.
- Insensitivity towards illegal migration and migrants will derail ties between India and its most important regional partner, Bangladesh.
- Avoid making migration a political issue during elections in West Bengal because it can threaten bilateral relations.
India should not let crude electoral calculations undermine the historic transformation underway in the eastern subcontinent.
India and Bangladesh PM jointly inaugurates Chilahati-Haldibari rail link
Source: Click here
News: India and Bangladesh Prime Minister has jointly inaugurated a railway link between Haldibari in India and Chilahati in Bangladesh during the virtual bilateral summit.
Facts:
- Haldibari-Chilahati rail link: This rail link was part of the Broad Gauge main route from Kolkata to Siliguri.However, the war of 1965 effectively cut off all the railway links.
- Significance: This rail link is expected to enhance the connectivity to Assam and West Bengal from Bangladesh.
- Other rail which are operational? The other rail links which are operational between India and Bangladesh are — Petrapole (India) – Benapole (Bangladesh); Gede (India) – Darshana (Bangladesh); Singhabad (India)-Rohanpur (Bangladesh); and Radhikapur (India)–Birol (Bangladesh).
India’s digital strike
Context- The government of India has blocked 43 new Chinese app which are prejudicial to sovereignty and Integrity of India, defence of India, security of state and public order.
Why Indian Government ban these apps?
- Defence and security concern– These apps are involved in activities against India’s sovereignty, integrity, defense, security and law and order.
- Data Privacy Issue – The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) banned apps on reports of stealing and transmitting user’s data in an unauthorized manner to servers which have locations outside India.
- Strong move by the government that sends out a strong message that Indian data cannot be compromised.
Benefits-
- Opportunity for Indian– The recent ban on Chinese app is a good opportunity for Indian entrepreneurs to quickly rise to fill market gaps.-
- This opportunity has also opened up the job market under the segment which will eventually have an added boost to the Indian economy.
- The ban may be useful for India to use its vast market for Internet services as leverage in its attempts to keep China in check at the border.
What are the concerns related to Chinese apps ban?
There are issues with the government gag against Chinese apps-
- This can trigger an unconventional battle between the two countries in the larger technology realm.
- Create negative image– This creates a big uncertainty for the foreign investors, and often results in reduces outflow of foreign investment.
What is the way forward?
- Need for A Data Protection Law: Data privacy and security remains to be major challenges emanating from the ongoing digital revolution. Thus, a data protection law is long overdue.
- India must stick to a rules-based approach in regulating the Internet.
India-Maldives bilateral relations
Context- The upcoming visit of Foreign Secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla to the Maldives and significance of Maldives ‘India out’ campaign.
What are the significances of India-Maldives bilateral relationships?
- India’s Neighborhood First Policy: India announced a financial assistance package of $1.4 billion for the Maldives in the form of budgetary support, currency swap agreements and concessional lines of credit to fulfill socio-economic development programmes.
- Connectivity: The two nations emphasized connectivity through the establishment of enabling infrastructure that would promote the exchange of goods and services, information, ideas, culture and people.
- Direct Cargo Ferry Service– It will be run between India and Maldives.
- Bilateral relations– Maldivian students attend educational institutions in India and patients come to India for healthcare, aided by a liberal visa-free regime extended by India.
- Air Travel Bubble between India and Maldives– Tourism is the mainstay of Maldivian economy. The travel bubble will facilitate movement of people for employment, tourism and medical emergencies.
- Maldives is the first neighboring country of India with which an air bubble is being operationalized.
- Quotas for Supply of Essential Commodities – Given the geographical limitations imposed on the Maldives, India has exempted the nation from export curbs on essential commodities.
- Financial Aid – At the peak of the continuing COVID-19 disruption, a financial aid of 250 million USD will be provided to Maldives by India.
History-
- Operation Cactus– In 1988, in response to a request from the Maldives, India activated Operation Cactus to deploy its military and ensure regime continuity in Male.
- Disaster management– The Government of India has provided large-scale assistance to the Maldives in the aftermath of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and during the 2014 Male water crisis.
What is ‘India out’ campaign?
Main-ruling Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP)’s Parliamentary Group leader the Yameen camp has launched an ‘India Out’ campaign instigated against India-Maldives relations aims to create unrest in the country to divert attention from the many corruption allegations raised against the higher ups of the opposition.
- Maldivian protesters recently converted their demand for early release of Mr. Yameen, sentenced to five years of imprisonment in a money laundering case, pending appeal.
Concern for India-
- India should be concerned about the protests as well as the occasional rumblings within the ruling Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP), apparently between President Solih and Speaker and former President Nasheed may pose serious challenge, especially after Mr. Nasheed sought the removal of certain Ministers- accusing them of corruption.
- Nasheed has also been pushing for a parliamentary system. There is concern within the government that his moves might undermine the President, who is trying to work with the coalition partners.
- The Maldives has maintained a close relationship with China, especially in financial terms, under its previous government.
Way forward-
India’s increasing geostrategic concerns in the shared seas, taking forward the multifaceted cooperation to the next stage quickly could also be at the focus of Foreign Secretary Harsh Vardhan Shringla’s visit.
China occupied Kashmir
Forgotten fact of China Occupied Kashmir
Context- The history of china occupied Kashmir and the significance of Sino-Pakistan agreement of 1963.
What is China’s dual politics in Kashmir?
- In August 2019, following the dilution of Article 370 and removal of special status for Jammu and Kashmir, China said it was “seriously concerned about the current situation in Jammu Kashmir”.
- However, China refrained from voicing its opposition to Pakistan’s announced move to accord “provisional provincial status” to Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK).
China did not issue a statement on Pakistan’s move to change the status of Gilgit-Baltistan, a disputed region where China is also carrying out projects under its China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) plan, which India has opposed.
What is 1963’s Sino-Pakistan Agreement?
Sino-Pakistan Boundary Agreement of 1963, Pakistan illegally ceded 5,180 sq. km in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir to China.
- The agreement is not recognized as legal by India, which also claims sovereignty over part of the land.
Significance of the agreement-
- Pakistan compromised India’s traditional frontier along the Kun Lun range to the north-west of the Karakoram Pass.
- And also enabled China to extrapolate a claim line eastwards along the Karakoram Range in Ladakh.
- This collusion allowed China to claim the whole of Aksai Chin in which it had no historical presence.
What is the history of China occupied Kashmir?
Changing the frontiers – China exploited the ‘Great Game’ between British India and Russia in the late 19th century and pitched its territorial claims far beyond the traditional frontiers of Xinjiang.
- In 1869 – After Mir of Hunza defeat in 1869 at the hands of the joint forces of the Maharaja of Kashmir and the British, the Chinese tried to co-opt him in their scheme while giving him refuge.
- By 1890– China had started asserting its presence in the valleys between the Kun Lun and the main Karakoram Range.
- By 1891– Chinese had quietly moved south of the Kun Lun range to consolidate their presence at Shahidullahand then they moved further south to Suget, and thereafter, showed up at the Karakoram pass.
- In 1936 – The Mir of Hunza was asked by the British to abandon his rights, but the Shaksgam valley and the Aghil range remained with the Mir of Hunza. This remained the traditional frontier of British India until independence, inherited by India following J&K’s accession in 1947.