Explanation: Nationally determined contributions (NDCs) are at the heart of the Paris Agreement and the achievement of its long-term goals.

• NDCs embody efforts by each country to reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
• The Paris Agreement (Article 4, paragraph 2) requires each Party to prepare, communicate and maintain successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that it intends to achieve.
• Parties shall pursue domestic mitigation measures, with the aim of achieving the objectives of such contributions.

Source: Economic Survey